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[54] => Operating Engineer
[56] => Painter
[58] => Paper Hanger
[60] => PCC/Restoration
[62] => Pile Driver
[64] => Plasterer
[66] => Plumber/Pipefitter
[68] => Refractory Worker
[70] => Reinforcing Ironworker
[72] => Roofer/Waterproofer
[74] => Scaffold Erector
[76] => Sheetmetal Worker
[78] => Sprinkler Fitter
[80] => Stonemason
[82] => Structural Ironworker
[84] => Terrazzo Worker
[86] => Tile Setter
[88] => Truck Driver
[90] => Welder
[92] => Commercial & Institutional
[93] => Jobsites
[94] => Heavy & Highway
[96] => Industrial
[98] => Renovations
[100] => Residential
[102] => Images
[103] => Media
[104] => Media & Documents
)
[type] => Images
[sub_category] =>
[url] => /image/4245/i002704/Arborist%2Bbeing%2Braised%2Bby%2Bcrane%2Bto%2Btrim%2Btrees.html
[item:protected] => ImageRecord Object
(
[records:protected] => Array
(
)
[recordId:protected] =>
[searchWordClass:protected] =>
[searchWordPeerClass:protected] =>
[bok_record:protected] =>
[authors:protected] =>
[organizations:protected] =>
[collections:protected] =>
[categories:protected] => Array
(
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(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Cranes & Hoists
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)
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Falls
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(
)
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(
)
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(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Acoustical Ceiling Carpenter
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)
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(
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(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Asbestos/Insulator
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(
)
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(
)
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(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Boilermaker
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)
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[label:protected] => Bricklayer
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)
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(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Cabinetmaker
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)
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(
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(
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(
)
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(
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(
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[label:protected] => Carpet Layer
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(
)
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(
)
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(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Cement Mason
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(
)
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(
)
)
[52] => Category Object
(
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[bok_topics:protected] =>
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Commercial Diver
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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[validationFailures:protected] => Array
(
)
[_new:BaseObject:private] =>
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(
)
)
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(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Concrete Polisher
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
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(
)
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(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Drywall Applicator Specialist
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(
)
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(
)
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[55] => Category Object
(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Electrical Worker
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
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(
)
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[56] => Category Object
(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Elevator Constructor
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
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(
)
)
[57] => Category Object
(
[languages:protected] =>
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Flagger
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
[alreadyInValidation:protected] =>
[validationFailures:protected] => Array
(
)
[_new:BaseObject:private] =>
[_deleted:BaseObject:private] =>
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(
)
)
[58] => Category Object
(
[languages:protected] =>
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Glazier
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
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(
)
)
[59] => Category Object
(
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[type:protected] => category
[parent:protected] => 2
[label:protected] => Hazardous Waste Cleanup
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
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(
)
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(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => HVAC
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(
)
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(
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(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Interior Systems Carpenter
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
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(
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[64] => Category Object
(
[languages:protected] =>
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Laborer
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
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(
)
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[65] => Category Object
(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Landscaper
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
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(
)
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[66] => Category Object
(
[languages:protected] =>
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Lather
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
[_new:BaseObject:private] =>
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(
)
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[67] => Category Object
(
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Lead Abatement Worker
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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[validationFailures:protected] => Array
(
)
[_new:BaseObject:private] =>
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(
)
)
[68] => Category Object
(
[languages:protected] =>
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Maintenance Worker
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
[_new:BaseObject:private] =>
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(
)
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[69] => Category Object
(
[languages:protected] =>
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Millwright
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
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(
)
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[label:protected] => Operating Engineer
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(
)
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(
)
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)
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(
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[label:protected] => Pile Driver
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(
)
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(
)
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)
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[label:protected] => Refractory Worker
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(
)
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[label:protected] => Reinforcing Ironworker
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
[_new:BaseObject:private] =>
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(
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[label:protected] => Roofer/Waterproofer
[alreadyInSave:protected] =>
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(
)
[_new:BaseObject:private] =>
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(
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[label:protected] => Scaffold Erector
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)
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)
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[label:protected] => Tile Setter
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(
)
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)
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[86] => Category Object
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[type:protected] => category
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[label:protected] => Welder
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(
)
[_new:BaseObject:private] =>
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The use of equipment to hoist employees is prohibited except where the employer demonstrates that the erection, use, and dismantling of conventional means of reaching the work area, such as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift, elevating work platform, or scaffold, would be more hazardous, or is not possible because of the project's structural design or worksite conditions. Source: 1926.1431(a)
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Contents
INTRODUCTION
HEALTH
PROBLEMS ON THE JOB -
How
Construction Work Can Affect Your Health
How Do I Know If the Construction Job I’m Working on Is Hazardous?
Construction Hazards Chart
Some of the Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke
Secondhand Smoke Facts
The Odds Against Tobacco Users’ Health
Combining Tobacco Smoke & Workplace Toxics
-
How
to Make the Job Safer
Checklist: Controlling Hazards on Your Construction Site
Use the Right Respirator
Tips for Taking Action
Your Legal Rights to Health & Safety
What If Someone’s Smoking Indoors at the Work Site?
How to Use Cal/ OSHA
Your Right to Know About Toxics on the Job
Reading Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS’s)
A project of the State Building and Construction Trades Council of California and the Labor Occupational Health Program, University of California, Berkeley
Based on the WHATEP curriculum, produced by the Workplace Hazard and Tobacco Education Project, funded by the California Department of Health Services and comprised of the Labor Occupational Health Program, American Lung Association of San Francisco and the California Public Health Foundation
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT TEAM
ROBIN BAKER
DEBRA CHAPLAN
WAYNE A. HAGEN
CATHY LEONARD
CAROL WINSTEAD
Editor:
GENE DARLING
Designed by:
BARBARA NISHI
BUILDING TRADES UNIONS IGNITE LESS TOBACCO
For more information,
Call BUILT: 916- 442- 8368
This project was made possible by funds received from Proposition 99, The Tobacco Tax Initiative, under Grant Number 99- 85070
Produced by the State Building and Construction Trades Council of California in coordination with the Labor Occupational Health Program, University of California at Berkeley.
© 2001 — State of California, Department of Health Services.
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Contents
INTRODUCTION
-
How
Construction Work Can Affect Your Health
How Do I Know If the Construction Job I’m Working on Is Hazardous?
Construction Hazards Chart
Some of the Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke
Secondhand Smoke Facts
The Odds Against Tobacco Users’ Health
Combining Tobacco Smoke & Workplace Toxics
-
How
to Make the Job Safer
Checklist: Controlling Hazards on Your Construction Site
Use the Right Respirator
Tips for Taking Action
Your Legal Rights to Health & Safety
What If Someone’s Smoking Indoors at the Work Site?
How to Use Cal/ OSHA
Your Right to Know About Toxics on the Job
Reading Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS’s)
A project of the State Building and Construction Trades Council of California and the Labor Occupational Health Program, University of California, Berkeley
Based on the WHATEP curriculum, produced by the Workplace Hazard and Tobacco Education Project, funded by the California Department of Health Services and comprised of the Labor Occupational Health Program, American Lung Association of San Francisco and the California Public Health Foundation
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT TEAM
ROBIN BAKER
DEBRA CHAPLAN
WAYNE A. HAGEN
CATHY LEONARD
CAROL WINSTEAD
Editor:
GENE DARLING
Designed by:
BARBARA NISHI
BUILDING TRADES UNIONS IGNITE LESS TOBACCO
For more information,
Call BUILT: 916- 442- 8368
This project was made possible by funds received from Proposition 99, The Tobacco Tax Initiative, under Grant Number 99- 85070
Produced by the State Building and Construction Trades Council of California in coordination with the Labor Occupational Health Program, University of California at Berkeley.
© 2001 — State of California, Department of Health Services.
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© 2001 — State of California, Department of Health Services.
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"What I like about construction is working outside and working with my hands. I can drive through town and say, ‘Hey, I built that.' But it's a dangerous job. Since 1991, in our Local, at least twelve people have been killed. You walk onto a site and you don't know what you're breathing, and you don't know who's working with what." |
Many of the dangers of construction work are obvious. We’re all familiar with safety hazards like unstable scaffolding, falling objects, electric shocks and fires.
Other dangers, especially chemical hazards, are less obvious. Some are hidden. If you’re doing demolition work and breathe in asbestos, you may not notice any effect at the time, but you can develop lung cancer many years later. Other chemicals have both short-term and long-term effects. You may feel sick or dizzy right away when you work with adhesives, paints or other materials that contain solvents. If you work with these solvents for many years, they can damage your liver or nervous system. Coal tar pitch used in roofing and roadwork may irritate your eyes and nose right away and may cause cancer years later.
For construction workers who smoke, the dangers are even greater. When your body has to deal with tobacco smoke as well as the dust and other chemicals at construction sites, your risk of getting cancer, lung disease and other serious illnesses is much higher. And the effects of tobacco use are not limited to the user. Secondhand smoke causes over 53,000 deaths a year among non-smokers.
The purpose of this guide is to give you information you can use to protect yourself. The focus is on the dangers of workplace chemicals and tobacco smoke because you probably already know about the common safety hazards on your job. This guide is part of a health and safety training project that teaches people in apprenticeship and vocational education programs how to recognize chemical hazards on the job, including those from tobacco, and how to plan strategies to make the workplace safer.
Voices From the Workplace
Here are some statements about health and safety that you might hear on the job. You may agree or disagree with each one. The information after each statement will give you some facts.
Respirators and other safety equipment can be uncomfortable and slow you down. But they can also save your life!
-
If toxic chemicals
get into your body — through your skin or lungs — they can cause
serious harm. Some chemicals can affect you right away, causing coughing,
skin irritation, dizziness or other symptoms. Other chemicals cause no
short-term symptoms, so there is no warning that they may cause serious
long-term damage.
-
The nose is not a
reliable way to measure danger. Some chemicals smell bad, but are safe.
Other chemicals have no odor, but are deadly. One example is carbon monoxide
— it’s odorless and invisible, but it can kill.
The employer is responsible for making the workplace safe. But if it isn’t possible to eliminate toxics from the work environment, personal protective equipment is your last line of defense.
If you’re exposed to toxic chemicals at work, the risk to your health will be higher if you also smoke cigarettes or have to breathe someone’s secondhand smoke.
-
Tobacco smoke adds
harmful chemicals to those already in the work environment, increasing
the risk.
• The more toxic exposure you have, the greater your risk. Avoiding toxic chemicals on the job and toxic chemicals in cigarettes are both important.
• The more toxic materials get into your body, the greater your risk. Cigarettes make it easier for other toxic substances to enter the body.
If you smoke, your odds of dying from lung cancer are five times higher than the odds for a non-smoker.
-
Many people can name
someone they know who never worked with cancer-causing chemicals, who
never smoked, but who died of cancer anyway. We also know people who smoke
and live long lives. These cases are exceptions because the Surgeon General
has proven that cigarette smoking causes 83% of all lung cancers and about
30% of other kinds of cancer.
-
Other chemicals (not
just those in cigarettes) also increase your risk of cancer. There is
no doubt that thousands of cancer deaths could be prevented by reducing
workers’ exposure to asbestos, nickel, chromium and other toxics.
Smoking or breathing secondhand smoke increases the risk from toxic chemicals for several reasons.
-
First, smoking means
more chemicals for your body to handle. For example, welding on the construction
site produces carbon monoxide. Tobacco smoke also contains carbon monoxide,
so you’re getting a much larger dose. Long-term exposure to carbon
monoxide weakens the heart.
Also, when the chemicals in tobacco smoke combine with certain other cancer-causing substances – for example, asbestos – the combination greatly increases the risk of lung cancer. An asbestos worker who doesn’t smoke has 5 times the risk of lung cancer as the general population, while an asbestos worker who smokes has more than 50 times the risk of lung cancer.
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 |
"What I like about construction is working outside and working with my hands. I can drive through town and say, ‘Hey, I built that.' But it's a dangerous job. Since 1991, in our Local, at least twelve people have been killed. You walk onto a site and you don't know what you're breathing, and you don't know who's working with what." |
Many of the dangers of construction work are obvious. We’re all familiar with safety hazards like unstable scaffolding, falling objects, electric shocks and fires.
Other dangers, especially chemical hazards, are less obvious. Some are hidden. If you’re doing demolition work and breathe in asbestos, you may not notice any effect at the time, but you can develop lung cancer many years later. Other chemicals have both short-term and long-term effects. You may feel sick or dizzy right away when you work with adhesives, paints or other materials that contain solvents. If you work with these solvents for many years, they can damage your liver or nervous system. Coal tar pitch used in roofing and roadwork may irritate your eyes and nose right away and may cause cancer years later.
For construction workers who smoke, the dangers are even greater. When your body has to deal with tobacco smoke as well as the dust and other chemicals at construction sites, your risk of getting cancer, lung disease and other serious illnesses is much higher. And the effects of tobacco use are not limited to the user. Secondhand smoke causes over 53,000 deaths a year among non-smokers.
The purpose of this guide is to give you information you can use to protect yourself. The focus is on the dangers of workplace chemicals and tobacco smoke because you probably already know about the common safety hazards on your job. This guide is part of a health and safety training project that teaches people in apprenticeship and vocational education programs how to recognize chemical hazards on the job, including those from tobacco, and how to plan strategies to make the workplace safer.
Voices From the Workplace
Here are some statements about health and safety that you might hear on the job. You may agree or disagree with each one. The information after each statement will give you some facts.
Respirators and other safety equipment can be uncomfortable and slow you down. But they can also save your life!
-
If toxic chemicals
get into your body — through your skin or lungs — they can cause
serious harm. Some chemicals can affect you right away, causing coughing,
skin irritation, dizziness or other symptoms. Other chemicals cause no
short-term symptoms, so there is no warning that they may cause serious
long-term damage.
-
The nose is not a
reliable way to measure danger. Some chemicals smell bad, but are safe.
Other chemicals have no odor, but are deadly. One example is carbon monoxide
— it’s odorless and invisible, but it can kill.
The employer is responsible for making the workplace safe. But if it isn’t possible to eliminate toxics from the work environment, personal protective equipment is your last line of defense.
If you’re exposed to toxic chemicals at work, the risk to your health will be higher if you also smoke cigarettes or have to breathe someone’s secondhand smoke.
-
Tobacco smoke adds
harmful chemicals to those already in the work environment, increasing
the risk.
• The more toxic exposure you have, the greater your risk. Avoiding toxic chemicals on the job and toxic chemicals in cigarettes are both important.
• The more toxic materials get into your body, the greater your risk. Cigarettes make it easier for other toxic substances to enter the body.
If you smoke, your odds of dying from lung cancer are five times higher than the odds for a non-smoker.
-
Many people can name
someone they know who never worked with cancer-causing chemicals, who
never smoked, but who died of cancer anyway. We also know people who smoke
and live long lives. These cases are exceptions because the Surgeon General
has proven that cigarette smoking causes 83% of all lung cancers and about
30% of other kinds of cancer.
-
Other chemicals (not
just those in cigarettes) also increase your risk of cancer. There is
no doubt that thousands of cancer deaths could be prevented by reducing
workers’ exposure to asbestos, nickel, chromium and other toxics.
Smoking or breathing secondhand smoke increases the risk from toxic chemicals for several reasons.
-
First, smoking means
more chemicals for your body to handle. For example, welding on the construction
site produces carbon monoxide. Tobacco smoke also contains carbon monoxide,
so you’re getting a much larger dose. Long-term exposure to carbon
monoxide weakens the heart.
Also, when the chemicals in tobacco smoke combine with certain other cancer-causing substances – for example, asbestos – the combination greatly increases the risk of lung cancer. An asbestos worker who doesn’t smoke has 5 times the risk of lung cancer as the general population, while an asbestos worker who smokes has more than 50 times the risk of lung cancer.
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© 2001 — State of California, Department of Health Services.
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 |
"When I looked over, there was a big cloud. All of a sudden nobody could breathe. I don't know what type of cleaner it was, some new stuff. It just choked us immediately. The boss and manager were right there. They didn't say anything." |
How
Construction Work Can Affect Your Health
It’s not always
easy to recognize when health problems are related to your work. Don’t
ignore headaches, frequent colds and coughs, dizziness, skin problems or
other symptoms you think may be related to your job. They may be caused
by chemicals or other conditions at work.
| HEAD Dizziness, headaches. Common causes: Solvents, ozone, noise, eye strain, smoke (including tobacco). |
EYES Red, watery, irritated. Common causes: Cement, wood dust, fiberglass, welding fumes, smoke (including tobacco). |
|
| NOSE & THROAT Sneezing, coughing, sore throat. Common causes: Cement, fiberglass, wood dust, solvents, welding fumes, smoke (including tobacco). |
CHEST & LUNGS Wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, lung cancer. Common causes: Cement, fiberglass, wood dust, welding fumes, smoke (including tobacco), solvents. |
|
| SKIN Redness, dryness, rash, itching, skin cancer. Common causes: Solvents, cement, fiberglass, wood dust. |
STOMACH Nausea, vomiting, stomach ache. Common causes: Some wood dust, solvents, long-term lead exposure, job stress. |
|
| NERVOUS SYSTEM Nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, tremors. Common causes: Long-term solvent exposure, longterm lead exposure, job stress. |
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM For men: low sperm count, damage to sperm. For women: irregularities in menstruation, miscarriage, damage to egg or fetus. Common causes: Lead, toluene, some other solvents. |
How Do I Know If the Construction Job I’m Working on Is Hazardous?
To
figure out what the hazards of a particular construction job may be, ask
these questions and check the chart on the following pages. The chart also
suggests important control measures that can be taken to protect workers.1. Is there a lot of dust in the air?
-
The air on construction
sites, especially during demolition work, can contain asbestos,
silica, cement dust, fiberglass and wood dust. Most of these dusts
can irritate your eyes, nose and lungs. Some can cause bronchitis, asthma
and even cancer.
-
Varnishes, wood
sealers, paints, thinners, adhesives and many other construction
materials contain solvents. They can get into your body through your skin
or when you breathe the vapors. Solvents can give you headaches and make
you dizzy. If you work with them for many years, they may damage your
liver or nervous system.
-
Many construction
materials — like adhesives, sealants, waterproofing agents,
floor and wall coverings — are made up of isocyanate (the
raw material for polyurethane) or epoxy resin systems. The chemicals in
these systems can get into your body through your skin, or when you breathe
the mists or vapors. They can irritate your nose, eyes, throat and lungs.
Some people may develop an allergic reaction, similar to asthma.
4
What are other trades doing nearby?-
In construction work,
someone else’s work may produce welding fumes, chemical vapors, asphalt
smoke or other toxic hazards. These can affect everyone in the vicinity.
Be aware of what other trades are doing, and protect yourself.
-
If you or someone
else smokes on the job, you’re being exposed to many more toxic substances.
Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals.
|
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| ASBESTOS | Maintenance and demolition work; roof tear-offs. Construction: floor tile, roofing materials, drywall compounds, gaskets, packing materials, electric insulation, corrosion resistant coatings, heat resistant materials, asbestos cement pipe and sheet. | Short-term: Lung irritation (if very high levels). Long-term: Asbestosis (scarring of the lungs); cancer of the lung, stomach, and intestinal tract. Asbestos workers who smoke have over 10 times the cancer risk of asbestos workers who do not smoke. |
| SILICA | Maintenance; remodeling; demolition work; application of fireproof coatings; sandblasting; tunneling. | Long-term: Serious, incurable lung disease (silicosis). |
| CEMENT | Construction and demolition of foundations, sidewalks and floors. | Short-term: Eye, nose, skin and lung irritation. Causes skin rashes and infection. Allergic skin rashes. Long-term: Small decrease in lung function, wheezing, shortness of breath. |
| WOOD DUST | Construction, remodeling and demolition. Sawing: wood, plywood, particle board. | Short-term: Allergic skin rash, asthma, nasal irritation, skin and eye irritation. Long-term: Nasal cancer. |
| FIBERGLASS & OTHER INSULATION MATERIALS | Insulation on pipes, other insulation, air conditioning. | Short-term: Skin, eye, nose and throat irritation; shortness of breath. Long-term: May cause lung cancer. |
| CONTROLS FOR DUSTS | |
| ASBESTOS | Asbestos
removal jobs may be done only by licensed asbestos contractors. Isolate asbestos work and provide exhaust ventilation or dust collecting device. Keep material wet while removing it. Wear special protective clothing and correct respirators. Remove clothing and shower before leaving enclosed area. Post caution signs and labels. Smoking should be prohibited. |
| OTHER DUSTS | Wear
the correct respirator if required (not a paper dust mask). Vacuum or wipe off surfaces using wet mop or rags. (Avoid sweeping and blowing away dusts to clear surfaces.) Keep work materials wet where possible when sanding, grinding, sawing, etc. Don’t drink, eat or smoke in work area. Wash hands before eating and before breaks. Change clothing and, where possible, shower before going home. Use local exhaust ventilation if not working in an open area. Isolate dusty operations such as sawing and sanding to reduce worker exposure. |
Construction Hazards : Metals - Dusts & Fumes
|
Dusts & Fumes |
|
|
| CADMIUM, CHROMIUM, COPPER, ZINC, MAGNESIUM | Welding; drilling, cutting and sawing pipes; scraping rust or coatings. | Short-term:
Metal dusts can be irritating to skin, nose, eyes and lungs.
Effects of fumes differ depending on metal (see MSDS). Some
metals (such as zinc, copper, and magnesium) cause metal fume fever
(flu-like symptoms with fever, nausea, chills and muscular aches and
pains). Long-term: Depends on metal (see MSDS). Cadmium and chromium can cause cancer. |
| LEAD | Cable splicing, demolition, remodeling, painting, pipefitting, plumbing, roofing, sheetmetal, iron work, welding on lead or surfaces with lead paint or coatings; brass fixtures may release lead. | Short-term:
Effects are very rare. If exposure is high, symptoms similar to long-term
effects may occur. Long-term: Damage to brain and nerves (tremors, muscular weakness, lack of coordination), damage to reproductive systems (men and women), stomach problems, anemia, damage to kidneys. |
| CONTROLS FOR METALS | |
| METAL DUSTS | Wear
the correct respirator if required (not a paper dust mask). Vacuum or wipe off surfaces using wet mop or rags. (Avoid sweeping and blowing away dusts to clear surfaces.) Keep work materials wet where possible when sanding, grinding, sawing, etc. Don’t drink, eat or smoke in work area. Wash hands before eating and before breaks. Change clothing and, where possible, shower before going home. Use local exhaust ventilation if not working in an open area. Isolate dusty operations such as sawing and sanding to reduce worker exposure. |
| METAL FUMES | Avoid
welding on toxic metals or coatings; brush or scrub off coatings first. Natural ventilation is often adequate in open areas. Position yourself so that fumes don’t blow into your face. Use local exhaust ventilation in indoor areas or confined spaces. Wear the correct respirator when ventilation or other controls are not possible. Lead: Shower and change clothes to avoid bringing lead home to your family. |
Construction Hazards : Solvents
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| BENZENE | Causes leukemia. | These
solvents may be found in: Varnishes Finishes Wood sealers Thinners Paints Adhesives Cleaning and degreasing solutions Other products |
| METHYLENE CHLORIDE | May cause cancer. | |
| TOLUENE | Liver and kidney damage at high levels. May cause birth defects. | |
| TRICHLORO-ETHYLENE | Liver damage. May cause cancer. |
|
|
|
| Most
solvents you work with, including acetone, TCE or other degreasers,
affect your health in similar ways: Short-term: Most organic solvents affect the brain the same way drinking alcohol does. Overexposure causes symptoms resembling drunkenness, including headaches, "feeling high," nausea, dizziness, and at high levels, loss of coordination. Other short-term health effects are eye, nose and throat irritation, and skin rash. Long-term: Repeated, frequent overexposure over months or years may cause long-lasting damage to the central nervous system (the brain and nerves). |
Where
possible, substitute materials that are less toxic. Use ventilation to remove vapors. Wear the correct respirator (refer to MSDS). Wear proper protective clothing, correct gloves, goggles, face shields. No smoking. No open flame nearby. Vapors can build up quickly and become extremely dangerous in confined spaces. Follow OSHA confined space entry procedures where required. (These include pretesting atmosphere before entry; mechanical ventilation of space; respirators; rescue person.) Many fatalities occur in confined spaces. |
Construction Hazards : Other Chemicals
|
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| EPOXY RESINS | Impermeable paint, primer for hardwood floors, surface paint and adhesive for concrete walls.. | Short-term:
Irritation of eyes, nose and throat. Long-term: Asthma. |
| POLYURETHANES (ISOCYANATES) | Seam sealers, polyurethane insulation, electrical wire coatings. | Short-term:
Irritation of eyes, nose and throat. Long-term: Asthma, other allergic lung diseases. May cause cancer. If workers get sensitized to these chemicals, they will become seriously ill at the slightest exposure. |
| COAL TAR PITCH | Roofing, road work. | Short-term:
Irritation of eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Burns, skin irritation,
increased sensitivity to sunlight. Long-term: Cancer of the lungs, skin and other parts of the body. |
| CONTROLS FOR OTHER CHEMICALS | |
| EPOXY RESINS AND POLYURETHANES | When
possible, use one-component products where chemicals are already polymerized.
When spraying, use the correct air-supplied full face respirator (see MSDS). Avoid skin and eye contact. Wear safety goggles and gloves. Get proper training. Never smoke or use an open flame around these chemicals, which are fire and explosion hazards.. DANGER! If you smell it, get out! |
| COAL TAR PITCH | Where
possible, substitute less harmful materials such as coal tar enamel.
Keep melt temperature as low as possible. Install devices to reduce exposure when loading. Keep kettle covers in good shape and closed whenever possible. Wet down old pitch roofs before and during tear-offs. If dust is high, wear the correct respirator. Wear eye protection. Protect the skin, even in hot weather. Launder work clothes often. Wash up before eating, smoking, drinking and going home. If soap and water are not available use waterless cleaner, not gasoline. |
Some
of the Chemicals in Cigarette SmokeThere are over 4,000 chemicals in cigarette smoke. More than 50 of them are known to be carcinogens (to cause cancer). Many of the chemicals in cigarette smoke are also found in the workplace and regulated by OSHA. Some are found in common household products. This is a small sample of the toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke.
Acetaldehyde: Used in glues and resins; suspected carcinogen; may increase the absorption of other hazardous chemicals into the bronchial tubes.
Acetone: Used in solvents; irritating to the throat, nose, and eyes; long-term exposure can cause liver and kidney damage.
Acrolein: Used in polyester resins and herbicides; an ingredient in tear gas and other chemical warfare agents; extremely toxic; intensely irritating to the upper respiratory tract and eyes.
Acrylonitrile: Used in synthetic resins, plastics and rubber, and as a fumigant; also known as “vinyl cyanide”; suspected human carcinogen.
1-aminonaphthalene: Used in weed control; causes cancer.
2-aminonaphthalene: Banned in industrial uses; causes bladder cancer.
Ammonia: Used in cleaners; causes asthma and elevated blood pressure.
Benzene: Used in solvents, pesticides and gasoline; causes leukemia and other cancers.
Benzo[a]pyrene: Found in coal tar pitch, creosote, and some asphalts; causes skin cancer, lung cancer and reduction in reproductive capacity.
1,3-Butadiene: Used in rubber, latex, and neoprene products; suspected carcinogen.
Butyraldehyde: Used in solvents and resins; powerful inhalation irritant; affects the lining of nose and lungs.
Cadmium: Used in non-corrosive metal coatings, bearings, pigments and storage batteries; causes cancer; damages kidneys, liver and brain.
Carbon Monoxide: Produced by burning (in gasoline engines, welding, gas-powered tools, etc.); decreases heart and muscle function; causes fatigue, dizziness, weakness; especially toxic for the unborn, infants and people with lung or heart disease.
Catechol: Used as an antioxidant in dyes, inks and oils; causes high blood pressure, upper respiratory tract irritation and dermatitis.
Chromium: Used in metal plating and alloys, wood treatment and preservatives, and pigments; causes lung cancer. Stainless steel welding involves the greatest exposure.
Cresol: Used in solvents, disinfectants, and wood preservatives; highly irritating to the skin; acute inhalation levels cause upper respiratory, nasal and throat irritation.
Crotonaldehyde: Used as a warning agent in fuel gases; causes chromosome aberrations; reported to interfere with immune function.
Formaldehyde: Part of resin used in particleboard, fiberboard, and plywood, also used in foam insulation. Causes nasal cancer; can damage lungs, skin and digestive system.
Hydrogen Cyanide: Used in the production of resins and acrylic plastics and as a fumigant; released in metal treatment operations and metal ore processing; used for executions in some
states’ gas chambers; weakens lungs; causes nausea, headaches, and fatigue.
Hydroquinone: Used in paints, varnishes and motor fuel; causes eye injuries, skin irritation and central nervous system effects.
Isoprene: Used in rubber; similar to 1,3- butadiene; causes irritation to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Lead: Used in paint and metal alloys (solder, brass, bronze); damages brain, nerves, kidneys and reproductive system; causes anemia and stomach problems; may cause cancer; particularly toxic to children.
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK): Used in solvents; irritating to nose, throat, and eyes; depresses the central nervous system.
Nickel: Used in stainless steel, other metal alloys and alkaline batteries; causes upper respiratory irritation, bronchial asthma and cancer.
Nicotine: Used as a highly controlled insecticide; exposure can result in seizures, vomiting, depression of the central nervous system, growth retardation, developmental toxicity in fetuses; mild nicotine poisoning results in diarrhea, increase in heart rate and blood pressure, headache, dizziness and neurological stimulation.
Nitric Oxide: Created by combustion of gasoline; major contributor to smog and acid rain; linked to Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and asthma.
NNN, NNK, and NAT: These compounds are found only in tobacco, NNN causes cancer and may cause reproductive damage; NNK is a powerful lung carcinogen; NAT is a possible carcinogen.
Phenol: Used in resins in plywood and other construction materials and in epoxy resins; highly toxic; affects the liver, kidney, respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous system.
Propionaldehyde: Used as a disinfectant; causes irritation of the skin, eyes and respiratory system.
Pyridine: Used in solvents; causes eye and upper respiratory tract irritation; causes nausea, headaches and nervousness; may cause liver damage.
Quinoline: Used as a corrosion inhibitor and as a solvent for resins; causes genetic mutations; possible human carcinogen; severe eye irritant; linked to liver damage.
Resorcinol: Used in laminates, resins and adhesives; irritating to skin and eyes.
Styrene: Used in insulation, fiberglass, pipes and plastic; possible human carcinogen; may cause leukemia; causes headaches, eye irritation, slowed reaction time, fatigue and dizziness.
Toluene: Used in solvents, oils and resins; highly toxic; causes fatigue, confusion, weakness, memory loss, nausea, loss of appetite and drunken-type actions; linked to permanent brain damage.
Secondhand Smoke Facts
 |
You may be smoking, whether or not you ever put a cigarette in your mouth. If you work where people smoke, you may inhale the equivalent of a pack a day of other people's smoke. Here are some facts about secondhand smoke. |
welding
on the construction site produces carbon monoxide. Tobacco smoke also
contains carbon monoxide, so you are getting a much larger dose. Long-term
exposure to carbon monoxide weakens the heart.
The Odds Against Tobacco Users’ Health
SMOKING
Smoking causes:
• 90% of lung cancer deaths
• 80% of emphysema and chronic bronchitis deaths
• 30% of cancer deaths
• 20% of heart disease deaths
Each year, over 400,000 Americans die prematurely because of smoking. Smoking kills more Americans each year than alcohol, cocaine, crack, heroin, homicide, suicide, car crashes, fires and AIDS combined. Smoking also causes impotence.
CHEWING TOBACCO
Smokeless tobacco is not a safe alternative to smoking. Chewing tobacco causes cancer of the mouth, larynx and esophagus. Long-term “chew” users are 50 times more likely to get cancer of the cheek and gum than non-users. Chewing tobacco contains arsenic, cyanide, lead and benzene. It also contains fiberglass and dirt, which cause abrasions on the skin so the tobacco can enter the bloodstream more readily. Chewers get three times as much nicotine as smokers. It can be even harder to quit chew than cigarettes.
QUITTING
In the last 25 years, nearly half of all American adults who ever smoked have quit. Millions and millions of people have quit. But most smokers try several times before they quit permanently. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug. The reason people use tobacco is to satisfy their addiction to nicotine. Quitting smoking or chewing tobacco can be at least as difficult as quitting cocaine or heroin.
DON’T GIVE UP
For help in quitting, contact the California Smokers’ Helpline. This program provides free and confidential telephone counseling to help you quit smoking or chewing tobacco.
(800) 662-8887 (English)
(800) 456-6386 (Spanish)
(800) 400-9866 (Mandarin and Cantonese)
(800) 778-8440 (Vietnamese)
(800) 556-5564 (Korean)
(800) 933-4833 (TDD/TTY)
(800) 844-2439 (Chewing Tobacco)
Combining Tobacco Smoke & Workplace Toxics
When tobacco smoke combines with other toxics in the workplace, there is extra danger to your health.
1. Some combinations ADD TO the odds against your health.
-
If you smoke, your
lungs aren’t as good at keeping other chemicals out. Tobacco smoke
damages your lungs’ ability to protect themselves against other
toxic substances you may inhale.
LUNGS: The odds of construction workers getting bronchitis, asthma or other lung diseases are high because you may work with asphalt, coal tar, treated wood and other lung hazards. Tobacco smoke makes it harder for your lungs to get rid of those chemicals.
Smoking also means more chemicals for your body to handle. Your body may be able to stand small amounts of some chemicals, but not larger amounts. Tobacco smoke can cause higher levels of the same harmful chemicals you’re already exposed to on the job. It also adds other harmful chemicals.
HEART: Welding on a construction site produces carbon monoxide. Tobacco smoke also contains carbon monoxide. You may not feel sick with a 5 to 10% level of carbon monoxide in your blood. But a 10 to 20% level can cause headaches and make you abnormally tired. Long-term exposure to carbon monoxide weakens the heart.
-
Some toxics can
work together inside your body to strengthen each other’s power
to cause disease. This is called synergy. For example, the odds against
your health multiply when you combine tobacco smoke with asbestos:
Scientists suspect that tobacco smoke and the ferric oxide in welding fumes also combine to multiply your risk of getting cancer.
-
Dangerous chemicals
can enter your body when you breathe them, swallow them, or get them
on your skin. The dust from some chemicals, like lead or cadmium, may
collect on your cigarettes. Then, when you put a cigarette to your lips
and inhale, you are not only taking in tobacco smoke, you are also taking
in extra toxics.
5. Smokers are more likely to have job injuries because they can be distracted by eye irritation, coughing or having only one hand free.
Back to Table of Contents
 |
"When I looked over, there was a big cloud. All of a sudden nobody could breathe. I don't know what type of cleaner it was, some new stuff. It just choked us immediately. The boss and manager were right there. They didn't say anything." |
How
Construction Work Can Affect Your Health
It’s not always
easy to recognize when health problems are related to your work. Don’t
ignore headaches, frequent colds and coughs, dizziness, skin problems or
other symptoms you think may be related to your job. They may be caused
by chemicals or other conditions at work.
| HEAD Dizziness, headaches. Common causes: Solvents, ozone, noise, eye strain, smoke (including tobacco). |
EYES Red, watery, irritated. Common causes: Cement, wood dust, fiberglass, welding fumes, smoke (including tobacco). |
|
| NOSE & THROAT Sneezing, coughing, sore throat. Common causes: Cement, fiberglass, wood dust, solvents, welding fumes, smoke (including tobacco). |
CHEST & LUNGS Wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, lung cancer. Common causes: Cement, fiberglass, wood dust, welding fumes, smoke (including tobacco), solvents. |
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| SKIN Redness, dryness, rash, itching, skin cancer. Common causes: Solvents, cement, fiberglass, wood dust. |
STOMACH Nausea, vomiting, stomach ache. Common causes: Some wood dust, solvents, long-term lead exposure, job stress. |
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| NERVOUS SYSTEM Nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, tremors. Common causes: Long-term solvent exposure, longterm lead exposure, job stress. |
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM For men: low sperm count, damage to sperm. For women: irregularities in menstruation, miscarriage, damage to egg or fetus. Common causes: Lead, toluene, some other solvents. |
How Do I Know If the Construction Job I’m Working on Is Hazardous?
To
figure out what the hazards of a particular construction job may be, ask
these questions and check the chart on the following pages. The chart also
suggests important control measures that can be taken to protect workers.1. Is there a lot of dust in the air?
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The air on construction
sites, especially during demolition work, can contain asbestos,
silica, cement dust, fiberglass and wood dust. Most of these dusts
can irritate your eyes, nose and lungs. Some can cause bronchitis, asthma
and even cancer.
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Varnishes, wood
sealers, paints, thinners, adhesives and many other construction
materials contain solvents. They can get into your body through your skin
or when you breathe the vapors. Solvents can give you headaches and make
you dizzy. If you work with them for many years, they may damage your
liver or nervous system.
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Many construction
materials — like adhesives, sealants, waterproofing agents,
floor and wall coverings — are made up of isocyanate (the
raw material for polyurethane) or epoxy resin systems. The chemicals in
these systems can get into your body through your skin, or when you breathe
the mists or vapors. They can irritate your nose, eyes, throat and lungs.
Some people may develop an allergic reaction, similar to asthma.
4
What are other trades doing nearby?-
In construction work,
someone else’s work may produce welding fumes, chemical vapors, asphalt
smoke or other toxic hazards. These can affect everyone in the vicinity.
Be aware of what other trades are doing, and protect yourself.
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If you or someone
else smokes on the job, you’re being exposed to many more toxic substances.
Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals.
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| ASBESTOS | Maintenance and demolition work; roof tear-offs. Construction: floor tile, roofing materials, drywall compounds, gaskets, packing materials, electric insulation, corrosion resistant coatings, heat resistant materials, asbestos cement pipe and sheet. | Short-term: Lung irritation (if very high levels). Long-term: Asbestosis (scarring of the lungs); cancer of the lung, stomach, and intestinal tract. Asbestos workers who smoke have over 10 times the cancer risk of asbestos workers who do not smoke. |
| SILICA | Maintenance; remodeling; demolition work; application of fireproof coatings; sandblasting; tunneling. | Long-term: Serious, incurable lung disease (silicosis). |
| CEMENT | Construction and demolition of foundations, sidewalks and floors. | Short-term: Eye, nose, skin and lung irritation. Causes skin rashes and infection. Allergic skin rashes. Long-term: Small decrease in lung function, wheezing, shortness of breath. |
| WOOD DUST | Construction, remodeling and demolition. Sawing: wood, plywood, particle board. | Short-term: Allergic skin rash, asthma, nasal irritation, skin and eye irritation. Long-term: Nasal cancer. |
| FIBERGLASS & OTHER INSULATION MATERIALS | Insulation on pipes, other insulation, air conditioning. | Short-term: Skin, eye, nose and throat irritation; shortness of breath. Long-term: May cause lung cancer. |
| CONTROLS FOR DUSTS | |
| ASBESTOS | Asbestos
removal jobs may be done only by licensed asbestos contractors. Isolate asbestos work and provide exhaust ventilation or dust collecting device. Keep material wet while removing it. Wear special protective clothing and correct respirators. Remove clothing and shower before leaving enclosed area. Post caution signs and labels. Smoking should be prohibited. |
| OTHER DUSTS | Wear
the correct respirator if required (not a paper dust mask). Vacuum or wipe off surfaces using wet mop or rags. (Avoid sweeping and blowing away dusts to clear surfaces.) Keep work materials wet where possible when sanding, grinding, sawing, etc. Don’t drink, eat or smoke in work area. Wash hands before eating and before breaks. Change clothing and, where possible, shower before going home. Use local exhaust ventilation if not working in an open area. Isolate dusty operations such as sawing and sanding to reduce worker exposure. |
Construction Hazards : Metals - Dusts & Fumes
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Dusts & Fumes |
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| CADMIUM, CHROMIUM, COPPER, ZINC, MAGNESIUM | Welding; drilling, cutting and sawing pipes; scraping rust or coatings. | Short-term:
Metal dusts can be irritating to skin, nose, eyes and lungs.
Effects of fumes differ depending on metal (see MSDS). Some
metals (such as zinc, copper, and magnesium) cause metal fume fever
(flu-like symptoms with fever, nausea, chills and muscular aches and
pains). Long-term: Depends on metal (see MSDS). Cadmium and chromium can cause cancer. |
| LEAD | Cable splicing, demolition, remodeling, painting, pipefitting, plumbing, roofing, sheetmetal, iron work, welding on lead or surfaces with lead paint or coatings; brass fixtures may release lead. | Short-term:
Effects are very rare. If exposure is high, symptoms similar to long-term
effects may occur. Long-term: Damage to brain and nerves (tremors, muscular weakness, lack of coordination), damage to reproductive systems (men and women), stomach problems, anemia, damage to kidneys. |
| CONTROLS FOR METALS | |
| METAL DUSTS | Wear
the correct respirator if required (not a paper dust mask). Vacuum or wipe off surfaces using wet mop or rags. (Avoid sweeping and blowing away dusts to clear surfaces.) Keep work materials wet where possible when sanding, grinding, sawing, etc. Don’t drink, eat or smoke in work area. Wash hands before eating and before breaks. Change clothing and, where possible, shower before going home. Use local exhaust ventilation if not working in an open area. Isolate dusty operations such as sawing and sanding to reduce worker exposure. |
| METAL FUMES | Avoid
welding on toxic metals or coatings; brush or scrub off coatings first. Natural ventilation is often adequate in open areas. Position yourself so that fumes don’t blow into your face. Use local exhaust ventilation in indoor areas or confined spaces. Wear the correct respirator when ventilation or other controls are not possible. Lead: Shower and change clothes to avoid bringing lead home to your family. |
Construction Hazards : Solvents
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| BENZENE | Causes leukemia. | These
solvents may be found in: Varnishes Finishes Wood sealers Thinners Paints Adhesives Cleaning and degreasing solutions Other products |
| METHYLENE CHLORIDE | May cause cancer. | |
| TOLUENE | Liver and kidney damage at high levels. May cause birth defects. | |
| TRICHLORO-ETHYLENE | Liver damage. May cause cancer. |
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| Most
solvents you work with, including acetone, TCE or other degreasers,
affect your health in similar ways: Short-term: Most organic solvents affect the brain the same way drinking alcohol does. Overexposure causes symptoms resembling drunkenness, including headaches, "feeling high," nausea, dizziness, and at high levels, loss of coordination. Other short-term health effects are eye, nose and throat irritation, and skin rash. Long-term: Repeated, frequent overexposure over months or years may cause long-lasting damage to the central nervous system (the brain and nerves). |
Where
possible, substitute materials that are less toxic. Use ventilation to remove vapors. Wear the correct respirator (refer to MSDS). Wear proper protective clothing, correct gloves, goggles, face shields. No smoking. No open flame nearby. Vapors can build up quickly and become extremely dangerous in confined spaces. Follow OSHA confined space entry procedures where required. (These include pretesting atmosphere before entry; mechanical ventilation of space; respirators; rescue person.) Many fatalities occur in confined spaces. |
Construction Hazards : Other Chemicals
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| EPOXY RESINS | Impermeable paint, primer for hardwood floors, surface paint and adhesive for concrete walls.. | Short-term:
Irritation of eyes, nose and throat. Long-term: Asthma. |
| POLYURETHANES (ISOCYANATES) | Seam sealers, polyurethane insulation, electrical wire coatings. | Short-term:
Irritation of eyes, nose and throat. Long-term: Asthma, other allergic lung diseases. May cause cancer. If workers get sensitized to these chemicals, they will become seriously ill at the slightest exposure. |
| COAL TAR PITCH | Roofing, road work. | Short-term:
Irritation of eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Burns, skin irritation,
increased sensitivity to sunlight. Long-term: Cancer of the lungs, skin and other parts of the body. |
| CONTROLS FOR OTHER CHEMICALS | |
| EPOXY RESINS AND POLYURETHANES | When
possible, use one-component products where chemicals are already polymerized.
When spraying, use the correct air-supplied full face respirator (see MSDS). Avoid skin and eye contact. Wear safety goggles and gloves. Get proper training. Never smoke or use an open flame around these chemicals, which are fire and explosion hazards.. DANGER! If you smell it, get out! |
| COAL TAR PITCH | Where
possible, substitute less harmful materials such as coal tar enamel.
Keep melt temperature as low as possible. Install devices to reduce exposure when loading. Keep kettle covers in good shape and closed whenever possible. Wet down old pitch roofs before and during tear-offs. If dust is high, wear the correct respirator. Wear eye protection. Protect the skin, even in hot weather. Launder work clothes often. Wash up before eating, smoking, drinking and going home. If soap and water are not available use waterless cleaner, not gasoline. |
Some
of the Chemicals in Cigarette SmokeThere are over 4,000 chemicals in cigarette smoke. More than 50 of them are known to be carcinogens (to cause cancer). Many of the chemicals in cigarette smoke are also found in the workplace and regulated by OSHA. Some are found in common household products. This is a small sample of the toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke.
Acetaldehyde: Used in glues and resins; suspected carcinogen; may increase the absorption of other hazardous chemicals into the bronchial tubes.
Acetone: Used in solvents; irritating to the throat, nose, and eyes; long-term exposure can cause liver and kidney damage.
Acrolein: Used in polyester resins and herbicides; an ingredient in tear gas and other chemical warfare agents; extremely toxic; intensely irritating to the upper respiratory tract and eyes.
Acrylonitrile: Used in synthetic resins, plastics and rubber, and as a fumigant; also known as “vinyl cyanide”; suspected human carcinogen.
1-aminonaphthalene: Used in weed control; causes cancer.
2-aminonaphthalene: Banned in industrial uses; causes bladder cancer.
Ammonia: Used in cleaners; causes asthma and elevated blood pressure.
Benzene: Used in solvents, pesticides and gasoline; causes leukemia and other cancers.
Benzo[a]pyrene: Found in coal tar pitch, creosote, and some asphalts; causes skin cancer, lung cancer and reduction in reproductive capacity.
1,3-Butadiene: Used in rubber, latex, and neoprene products; suspected carcinogen.
Butyraldehyde: Used in solvents and resins; powerful inhalation irritant; affects the lining of nose and lungs.
Cadmium: Used in non-corrosive metal coatings, bearings, pigments and storage batteries; causes cancer; damages kidneys, liver and brain.
Carbon Monoxide: Produced by burning (in gasoline engines, welding, gas-powered tools, etc.); decreases heart and muscle function; causes fatigue, dizziness, weakness; especially toxic for the unborn, infants and people with lung or heart disease.
Catechol: Used as an antioxidant in dyes, inks and oils; causes high blood pressure, upper respiratory tract irritation and dermatitis.
Chromium: Used in metal plating and alloys, wood treatment and preservatives, and pigments; causes lung cancer. Stainless steel welding involves the greatest exposure.
Cresol: Used in solvents, disinfectants, and wood preservatives; highly irritating to the skin; acute inhalation levels cause upper respiratory, nasal and throat irritation.
Crotonaldehyde: Used as a warning agent in fuel gases; causes chromosome aberrations; reported to interfere with immune function.
Formaldehyde: Part of resin used in particleboard, fiberboard, and plywood, also used in foam insulation. Causes nasal cancer; can damage lungs, skin and digestive system.
Hydrogen Cyanide: Used in the production of resins and acrylic plastics and as a fumigant; released in metal treatment operations and metal ore processing; used for executions in some
states’ gas chambers; weakens lungs; causes nausea, headaches, and fatigue.
Hydroquinone: Used in paints, varnishes and motor fuel; causes eye injuries, skin irritation and central nervous system effects.
Isoprene: Used in rubber; similar to 1,3- butadiene; causes irritation to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Lead: Used in paint and metal alloys (solder, brass, bronze); damages brain, nerves, kidneys and reproductive system; causes anemia and stomach problems; may cause cancer; particularly toxic to children.
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK): Used in solvents; irritating to nose, throat, and eyes; depresses the central nervous system.
Nickel: Used in stainless steel, other metal alloys and alkaline batteries; causes upper respiratory irritation, bronchial asthma and cancer.
Nicotine: Used as a highly controlled insecticide; exposure can result in seizures, vomiting, depression of the central nervous system, growth retardation, developmental toxicity in fetuses; mild nicotine poisoning results in diarrhea, increase in heart rate and blood pressure, headache, dizziness and neurological stimulation.
Nitric Oxide: Created by combustion of gasoline; major contributor to smog and acid rain; linked to Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and asthma.
NNN, NNK, and NAT: These compounds are found only in tobacco, NNN causes cancer and may cause reproductive damage; NNK is a powerful lung carcinogen; NAT is a possible carcinogen.
Phenol: Used in resins in plywood and other construction materials and in epoxy resins; highly toxic; affects the liver, kidney, respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous system.
Propionaldehyde: Used as a disinfectant; causes irritation of the skin, eyes and respiratory system.
Pyridine: Used in solvents; causes eye and upper respiratory tract irritation; causes nausea, headaches and nervousness; may cause liver damage.
Quinoline: Used as a corrosion inhibitor and as a solvent for resins; causes genetic mutations; possible human carcinogen; severe eye irritant; linked to liver damage.
Resorcinol: Used in laminates, resins and adhesives; irritating to skin and eyes.
Styrene: Used in insulation, fiberglass, pipes and plastic; possible human carcinogen; may cause leukemia; causes headaches, eye irritation, slowed reaction time, fatigue and dizziness.
Toluene: Used in solvents, oils and resins; highly toxic; causes fatigue, confusion, weakness, memory loss, nausea, loss of appetite and drunken-type actions; linked to permanent brain damage.
Secondhand Smoke Facts
 |
You may be smoking, whether or not you ever put a cigarette in your mouth. If you work where people smoke, you may inhale the equivalent of a pack a day of other people's smoke. Here are some facts about secondhand smoke. |
welding
on the construction site produces carbon monoxide. Tobacco smoke also
contains carbon monoxide, so you are getting a much larger dose. Long-term
exposure to carbon monoxide weakens the heart.
The Odds Against Tobacco Users’ Health
SMOKING
Smoking causes:
• 90% of lung cancer deaths
• 80% of emphysema and chronic bronchitis deaths
• 30% of cancer deaths
• 20% of heart disease deaths
Each year, over 400,000 Americans die prematurely because of smoking. Smoking kills more Americans each year than alcohol, cocaine, crack, heroin, homicide, suicide, car crashes, fires and AIDS combined. Smoking also causes impotence.
CHEWING TOBACCO
Smokeless tobacco is not a safe alternative to smoking. Chewing tobacco causes cancer of the mouth, larynx and esophagus. Long-term “chew” users are 50 times more likely to get cancer of the cheek and gum than non-users. Chewing tobacco contains arsenic, cyanide, lead and benzene. It also contains fiberglass and dirt, which cause abrasions on the skin so the tobacco can enter the bloodstream more readily. Chewers get three times as much nicotine as smokers. It can be even harder to quit chew than cigarettes.
QUITTING
In the last 25 years, nearly half of all American adults who ever smoked have quit. Millions and millions of people have quit. But most smokers try several times before they quit permanently. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug. The reason people use tobacco is to satisfy their addiction to nicotine. Quitting smoking or chewing tobacco can be at least as difficult as quitting cocaine or heroin.
DON’T GIVE UP
For help in quitting, contact the California Smokers’ Helpline. This program provides free and confidential telephone counseling to help you quit smoking or chewing tobacco.
(800) 662-8887 (English)
(800) 456-6386 (Spanish)
(800) 400-9866 (Mandarin and Cantonese)
(800) 778-8440 (Vietnamese)
(800) 556-5564 (Korean)
(800) 933-4833 (TDD/TTY)
(800) 844-2439 (Chewing Tobacco)
Combining Tobacco Smoke & Workplace Toxics
When tobacco smoke combines with other toxics in the workplace, there is extra danger to your health.
1. Some combinations ADD TO the odds against your health.
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If you smoke, your
lungs aren’t as good at keeping other chemicals out. Tobacco smoke
damages your lungs’ ability to protect themselves against other
toxic substances you may inhale.
LUNGS: The odds of construction workers getting bronchitis, asthma or other lung diseases are high because you may work with asphalt, coal tar, treated wood and other lung hazards. Tobacco smoke makes it harder for your lungs to get rid of those chemicals.
Smoking also means more chemicals for your body to handle. Your body may be able to stand small amounts of some chemicals, but not larger amounts. Tobacco smoke can cause higher levels of the same harmful chemicals you’re already exposed to on the job. It also adds other harmful chemicals.
HEART: Welding on a construction site produces carbon monoxide. Tobacco smoke also contains carbon monoxide. You may not feel sick with a 5 to 10% level of carbon monoxide in your blood. But a 10 to 20% level can cause headaches and make you abnormally tired. Long-term exposure to carbon monoxide weakens the heart.
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Some toxics can
work together inside your body to strengthen each other’s power
to cause disease. This is called synergy. For example, the odds against
your health multiply when you combine tobacco smoke with asbestos:
Scientists suspect that tobacco smoke and the ferric oxide in welding fumes also combine to multiply your risk of getting cancer.
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Dangerous chemicals
can enter your body when you breathe them, swallow them, or get them
on your skin. The dust from some chemicals, like lead or cadmium, may
collect on your cigarettes. Then, when you put a cigarette to your lips
and inhale, you are not only taking in tobacco smoke, you are also taking
in extra toxics.
5. Smokers are more likely to have job injuries because they can be distracted by eye irritation, coughing or having only one hand free.
Back to Table of Contents
© 2001 — State of California, Department of Health Services.
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“Pues,
si uno lo hace por necesidad, por la familia, pero uno debe pensar
en su salud, que mañana no voy a estar aquí.” “Well, we work out of necessity, for the family. But you have to think about your health — that tomorrow, I might not be here.” |
There are different ways to reduce chemical hazards on the job. The best ways are to stop using the most toxic materials, or to design the work and equipment so that no one is exposed to toxics.
USE SAFER CHEMICALS.
Sometimes you can use a substance that is less toxic. For example, many of the materials you work with contain solvents. Water-based or alcohol-based solvents are usually safer than “chlorinated hydrocarbons” (solvents with chlorine in them) and “aromatic hydrocarbons” (like toluene and xylene). But always check out the hazards of the substitute to make sure it is really less hazardous.
DESIGN THE JOB AND EQUIPMENT TO PREVENT EXPOSURE TO TOXICS.
It’s better to prevent the hazard from ever reaching a worker than to rely on protective clothing or gear. For example, local exhaust ventilation (a “sucker” that pulls dust or welding fumes away right at the source) gets rid of a toxic substance before anyone has a chance to breathe it.
ENFORCE SAFETY RULES.
Work rules and procedures can help cut down on your exposure to toxics. For example, keeping the workplace clean can limit the amount of dusts in the air and help reduce other safety hazards. Workers should never eat or smoke in the work area. California’s law prohibiting smoking in indoor workplaces eliminates exposure to secondhand smoke. Some employers and local governments also ban smoking in outdoor areas.
GIVE WORKERS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT IF NECESSARY.
Goggles, gloves, respirators and other personal protective equipment can help protect you gainst toxic hazards on the job, but they don’t usually protect you completely. They shield you from hazards rather than eliminating them. That’s why you should rely on personal protective equipment only if there is no better way to control the problem.
Checklist: Controlling Hazards on Your Construction Site
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Use the Right Respirator
Respirators
can be hot and uncomfortable. You don’t want to wear one if you don’t
have to. They also aren’t as effective as some other kinds of protection.
But if there is no way to remove a harmful material from the air you are
breathing (by using a safer chemical, better ventilation or other controls),
you will need to use a respirator to protect yourself. Here are some guidelines
to help you decide if you’re getting the right protection.1. Your employer must set up a respiratory protection program.
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If you need to use
a respirator on the job, Cal/OSHA requires your employer to set up a “respiratory
protection program.” The program should help you choose the right
respirator, make sure it fits, and get training about how to use it and
take care of it.
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You can check the
label on the respirator or on its cartridge to find out what hazards it
protects you from. Make sure it is approved by “NIOSH” for protection
against the hazards you’re working with.
- DUST MASKS
protect only against wood dusts and other dusts that are
not very toxic. They don’t protect you against spray
mists or toxic dusts like asbestos, silica or lead. They also will not
protect you against chemical vapors or secondhand smoke. If you use
a dust mask, make sure it has a double strap and a good nose grip. Never
rely on single strap masks.
- DUAL CARTRIDGE
RESPIRATORS
protect against various hazards. These respirators use pairs of filters
or cartridges. Different filters and cartridges protect against different
hazards.
Use the right MECHANICAL FILTER for dusts, metal fumes and mists.
Use the right CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE for toxic gases and vapors from solvents or paints.
Use a COMBINATION RESPIRATOR for all the above — dusts, fumes, mists, gases and vapors. Combination respirators are available for any set of inhalation hazards.
- AIR-SUPPLIED
RESPIRATORS give you fresh air from a tank or through an airline.
Use them when you work in a confined space where there is not enough
oxygen to breathe.
CAUTION: If there is a rip or tear in the mask, it will not protect you from any hazards.
| CAUTION: If you have heart disease or respiratory problems, you should check with your doctor before using a respirator. |
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No one respirator
will fit everyone. If your respirator does not fit properly on your face,
it will leak. You cannot tell if it fits by how it feels. The law requires
your employer to test the fit to make sure no vapors or dusts can leak
in around the edges.
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Your respirator must
be kept clean, and the cartridges or filters should be changed regularly.
A respirator with a worn-out cartridge is worse than no respirator at
all. (It’s not protecting you, but it’s making it harder to
breathe.)
| CAUTION: If you have a beard, it is impossible to get a proper fit with most respirators. |
Tips for Taking Action
Once you have decided to try to improve health and safety on the job, you need to do some planning. Here are some tips for coming up with a realistic action plan.
Get support of co-workers.
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No matter whether
you’re trying to get your employer to supply respirators that fit,
install a ventilation system or establish an outdoor workplace smoking
policy, the first and most important step to take is to get the
support of your co-workers.
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It takes time to
convince co-workers that it’s worth taking some action to eliminate
a hazard. In many workplaces, people have found it useful to:
- Seek help from
the union (or consider organizing one).
- Take a survey
of the workforce to document the symptoms and illnesses that seem to
be related to each worker’s job.
- Identify other
workers who are concerned.
- Identify resources
for information and help.
- Have a meeting.
- Form a health
and safety committee, or join one that’s already been set up.
- Form a group to meet with the employer, or choose a co-worker the employer will listen to.
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Some employers take
their responsibility for providing a safe workplace seriously. Once they
understand that conditions on their sites can cause serious health problems,
they will attempt to cooperate in changing them. Some possible approaches
are:
- Explain how serious
the problem is.
- Explain how many
workers’ compensation claims there could be, and point out that
they could be expensive and increase insurance rates.
- Show how production,
absenteeism and morale will improve if hazards are reduced.
- Show the advantages
of a health and safety committee.
- nsurance carrier
about health and safety services the insurer may provide.
- Tell them about Cal/OSHA’s free consultation service for employers.
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When employers don’t
cooperate, workers still can: