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[summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Working Around Vehicles in the Work Zone addresses methods to avoid being struck-by a vehicle on a construction site. The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish.
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These tailgate/toolbox talks were developed for use under California OSHA regulations. The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org).
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[keywords:protected] => hazard, oxygen, loss, , crushed, trenches, excavation, injury, illness, prevention, laborer, training, tailgate, toolbox, talk, bones, broken, electrocution, regulation, standard, OSHA
[comments:protected] => Note for all tailgate talks, checklists (to C-A in electronic form too):
These tailgate/toolbox talks were developed for use under California OSHA regulations. The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org).
[summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.
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[keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo
[comments:protected] => Please link to English version.
[summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.]
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[comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. :
These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department
of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to
reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and
Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or
Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials
will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed
changes.
- AND -
Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA
standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for
general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c
[summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.
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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
 |
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
 |
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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This photo is from an early morning toolbox talk on a construction job in Mclean, Virginia. It is being delivered in English and Spanish. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000379,d000380 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => 10/01/01 [date_permission_received:protected] => 10/02/01 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 11/01/01 [date_completed:protected] => 11/15/01 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [962] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 962 [old_id:protected] => 3 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000002 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Clayton Sinyai [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Safety in the Trenches [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, OSHA, excavation, competent [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Excavation and trenching are among the most hazardous construction operations, but using these trenching tips can prevent accidents and save lives. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000274,d000246,d000778 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2002 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 03/03/03 [date_completed:protected] => 03/14/03 [date_billed:protected] => 04/01/03 [date_modified:protected] => 06/06/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1342] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1342 [old_id:protected] => 287 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Trenches & Excavations Training Guide [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => hazard, oxygen, loss, , crushed, trenches, excavation, injury, illness, prevention, laborer, training, tailgate, toolbox, talk, bones, broken, electrocution, regulation, standard, OSHA [comments:protected] => Note for all tailgate talks, checklists (to C-A in electronic form too): These tailgate/toolbox talks were developed for use under California OSHA regulations. The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000496,d000002,d000274 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => June 3, 1996 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 05/15/00 [date_permission_received:protected] => 08/14/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/13/00 [date_completed:protected] => 09/18/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [show_text] => [document_content] => ElcoshItemDocumentContent Object ( [id:protected] => 18 [item_id:protected] => 43 [type:protected] => main [title:protected] => d000380 [content:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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The resource includes a brief case example,... 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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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Disasters [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [91] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 91 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Heavy & Highway [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [90] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 90 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Industrial [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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59 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Hazardous Waste Cleanup [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [60] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 60 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => HVAC [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [61] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 61 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Interior 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Pile Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [75] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 75 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plasterer [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [76] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 76 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plumber/Pipefitter 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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This photo is from an early morning toolbox talk on a construction job in Mclean, Virginia. It is being delivered in English and Spanish. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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[summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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The resource includes a brief case example,... 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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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/document/4426/d001656/Construction%2BDive%2B--%2BDeWalt%2527s%2BJobsite%2BPro%2Bheadphones%2Brecalled%2Bfor%2Bfire%2Bhazards.html [item:protected] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => Array ( [16] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 16 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 7 [label:protected] => Fire & Explosions [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [44] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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The resource includes a brief case example,... 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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000496,d000002,d000274 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => June 3, 1996 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 05/15/00 [date_permission_received:protected] => 08/14/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/13/00 [date_completed:protected] => 09/18/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [show_text] => [document_content] => ElcoshItemDocumentContent Object ( [id:protected] => 18 [item_id:protected] => 43 [type:protected] => main [title:protected] => d000380 [content:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000379,d000380 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => 10/01/01 [date_permission_received:protected] => 10/02/01 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 11/01/01 [date_completed:protected] => 11/15/01 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [962] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 962 [old_id:protected] => 3 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000002 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Clayton Sinyai [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Safety in the Trenches [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, OSHA, excavation, competent [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Excavation and trenching are among the most hazardous construction operations, but using these trenching tips can prevent accidents and save lives. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000274,d000246,d000778 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2002 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 03/03/03 [date_completed:protected] => 03/14/03 [date_billed:protected] => 04/01/03 [date_modified:protected] => 06/06/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1342] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1342 [old_id:protected] => 287 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Trenches & Excavations Training Guide [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => hazard, oxygen, loss, , crushed, trenches, excavation, injury, illness, prevention, laborer, training, tailgate, toolbox, talk, bones, broken, electrocution, regulation, standard, OSHA [comments:protected] => Note for all tailgate talks, checklists (to C-A in electronic form too): These tailgate/toolbox talks were developed for use under California OSHA regulations. The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000496,d000002,d000274 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => June 3, 1996 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 05/15/00 [date_permission_received:protected] => 08/14/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/13/00 [date_completed:protected] => 09/18/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [show_text] => [document_content] => ElcoshItemDocumentContent Object ( [id:protected] => 18 [item_id:protected] => 43 [type:protected] => main [title:protected] => d000380 [content:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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[summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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The resource includes a brief case example,... 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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000496,d000002,d000274 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => June 3, 1996 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 05/15/00 [date_permission_received:protected] => 08/14/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/13/00 [date_completed:protected] => 09/18/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [show_text] => [document_content] => ElcoshItemDocumentContent Object ( [id:protected] => 18 [item_id:protected] => 43 [type:protected] => main [title:protected] => d000380 [content:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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The resource includes a brief case example,... 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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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This photo is from an early morning toolbox talk on a construction job in Mclean, Virginia. It is being delivered in English and Spanish. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000379,d000380 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => 10/01/01 [date_permission_received:protected] => 10/02/01 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 11/01/01 [date_completed:protected] => 11/15/01 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [962] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 962 [old_id:protected] => 3 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000002 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Clayton Sinyai [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Safety in the Trenches [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, OSHA, excavation, competent [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Excavation and trenching are among the most hazardous construction operations, but using these trenching tips can prevent accidents and save lives. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000274,d000246,d000778 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2002 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 03/03/03 [date_completed:protected] => 03/14/03 [date_billed:protected] => 04/01/03 [date_modified:protected] => 06/06/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1342] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1342 [old_id:protected] => 287 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Trenches & Excavations Training Guide [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => hazard, oxygen, loss, , crushed, trenches, excavation, injury, illness, prevention, laborer, training, tailgate, toolbox, talk, bones, broken, electrocution, regulation, standard, OSHA [comments:protected] => Note for all tailgate talks, checklists (to C-A in electronic form too): These tailgate/toolbox talks were developed for use under California OSHA regulations. The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000496,d000002,d000274 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => June 3, 1996 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 05/15/00 [date_permission_received:protected] => 08/14/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/13/00 [date_completed:protected] => 09/18/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [show_text] => [document_content] => ElcoshItemDocumentContent Object ( [id:protected] => 18 [item_id:protected] => 43 [type:protected] => main [title:protected] => d000380 [content:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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[summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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/document/4426/d001656/Construction%2BDive%2B--%2BDeWalt%2527s%2BJobsite%2BPro%2Bheadphones%2Brecalled%2Bfor%2Bfire%2Bhazards.html [item:protected] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => Array ( [16] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 16 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 7 [label:protected] => Fire & Explosions [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [44] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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The resource includes a brief case example,... 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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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/document/4426/d001656/Construction%2BDive%2B--%2BDeWalt%2527s%2BJobsite%2BPro%2Bheadphones%2Brecalled%2Bfor%2Bfire%2Bhazards.html [item:protected] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => Array ( [16] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 16 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 7 [label:protected] => Fire & Explosions [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [44] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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The resource includes a brief case example,... 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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000496,d000002,d000274 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => June 3, 1996 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 05/15/00 [date_permission_received:protected] => 08/14/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/13/00 [date_completed:protected] => 09/18/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [show_text] => [document_content] => ElcoshItemDocumentContent Object ( [id:protected] => 18 [item_id:protected] => 43 [type:protected] => main [title:protected] => d000380 [content:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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The resource includes a brief case example,... 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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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This photo is from an early morning toolbox talk on a construction job in Mclean, Virginia. It is being delivered in English and Spanish. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000379,d000380 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => 10/01/01 [date_permission_received:protected] => 10/02/01 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 11/01/01 [date_completed:protected] => 11/15/01 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [962] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 962 [old_id:protected] => 3 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000002 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Clayton Sinyai [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Safety in the Trenches [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, OSHA, excavation, competent [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Excavation and trenching are among the most hazardous construction operations, but using these trenching tips can prevent accidents and save lives. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000274,d000246,d000778 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2002 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 03/03/03 [date_completed:protected] => 03/14/03 [date_billed:protected] => 04/01/03 [date_modified:protected] => 06/06/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1342] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1342 [old_id:protected] => 287 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Trenches & Excavations Training Guide [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => hazard, oxygen, loss, , crushed, trenches, excavation, injury, illness, prevention, laborer, training, tailgate, toolbox, talk, bones, broken, electrocution, regulation, standard, OSHA [comments:protected] => Note for all tailgate talks, checklists (to C-A in electronic form too): These tailgate/toolbox talks were developed for use under California OSHA regulations. The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000496,d000002,d000274 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => June 3, 1996 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 05/15/00 [date_permission_received:protected] => 08/14/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/13/00 [date_completed:protected] => 09/18/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [show_text] => [document_content] => ElcoshItemDocumentContent Object ( [id:protected] => 18 [item_id:protected] => 43 [type:protected] => main [title:protected] => d000380 [content:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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[summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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/document/4426/d001656/Construction%2BDive%2B--%2BDeWalt%2527s%2BJobsite%2BPro%2Bheadphones%2Brecalled%2Bfor%2Bfire%2Bhazards.html [item:protected] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => Array ( [16] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 16 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 7 [label:protected] => Fire & Explosions [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [44] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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The resource includes a brief case example,... 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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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/document/4426/d001656/Construction%2BDive%2B--%2BDeWalt%2527s%2BJobsite%2BPro%2Bheadphones%2Brecalled%2Bfor%2Bfire%2Bhazards.html [item:protected] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => Array ( [16] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 16 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 7 [label:protected] => Fire & Explosions [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [44] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adapted these talks to apply to federal OSHA regulations. To contact ACGIH, visit its web site (www.acgih.org). [summary:protected] => A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 06/16/00 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1343] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1343 [old_id:protected] => 288 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000274 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 2 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Zanjas Excavaciones Guia de capacitation [total_pages:protected] => 5 [billed_pages:protected] => 5 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => ocupación, ocupacion, construcción, construccion, seguridad, salud, peligros, trabajo, trabajador, lugar de trabajo [comments:protected] => Please link to English version. [summary:protected] => Una discusión guiada a través de los peligros de las zanjas y excavaciones, una serie de preguntas a utilizar para la discusión y una forma de cierre de sesión. Parte de una colección. Haga clic en el botón 'colección' para acceder a los otros artículos. [A guided discussion through hazards of trenches and excavations, a set of questions to use for discussion and a sign-off form. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.] [transition_comments:protected] => Summary must be translated [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000220,d000278 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 2001 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 12/07/99 [date_permission_received:protected] => 05/30/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 07/02/02 [date_completed:protected] => 07/31/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [content:protected] => [files:protected] => Array ( [1745] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1745 [filename:protected] => d000380.pdf [downloadable:protected] => T [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1746] => File Object ( [id:protected] => 1746 [filename:protected] => image1.jpg [downloadable:protected] => F [timestamp:protected] => 2009-07-03 12:55:29 [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 43 [old_id:protected] => 385 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000380 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Excavation and Safety Program - Worker's Manual [total_pages:protected] => 12 [billed_pages:protected] => 12 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, trench, inspection, utilities, atmosphere, excavation, support, shield, water [comments:protected] => This text must appear at the top of the document. : These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Services, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida’s funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. - AND - Safety and health programs for construction are mentioned in the OSHA standard; see 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C. This sample program was developed for general industry, but can easily be adapted for use by a construction c [summary:protected] => Information on the aspects of an excavation and trenching safety program with a focus on the worker. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000496,d000002,d000274 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => June 3, 1996 [date_permission_requested:protected] => 05/15/00 [date_permission_received:protected] => 08/14/00 [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/13/00 [date_completed:protected] => 09/18/00 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/15/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [show_text] => [document_content] => ElcoshItemDocumentContent Object ( [id:protected] => 18 [item_id:protected] => 43 [type:protected] => main [title:protected] => d000380 [content:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
| These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for any needed changes. |
PREFACE
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) developed this program
to protect employees from safety hazards during work in trenches and excavations.
This program will make sure that:
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations know how to do this work safely;
- Departments that
work in trenches or excavations have named one or more people (their
Project Manager(s)) to oversee this work for their department;
- The role of the
Project Manager and workers are understood; and,
- People that work in excavations and trenches have been trained and know how to do their work safely.
This program explains the training that employees must have so that they can recognize and avoid hazards during excavation work. This program also explains the work practices they must follow while digging or working in or around an excavation.
The departmental
Project Manager must assure that:
- Approved procedures
are followed;
- Employees entering
excavations are trained and have been given the
equipment they need to do their jobs safely; and,
- All required
inspections and tests have been done, and have been
properly recorded.
The employee must:
- Follow established
procedures
- Enter an excavation only after receiving training; and
Demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM
- The purpose of this program is to put in place work practices and procedures that will protect employees from excavation hazards. This is done by:
- Requiring each department that works in excavations to name one or more people to serve as their Project Manager;
- Training Project Managers so they understand their duties and their role;
- Requiring that all employees that work in excavations have been trained and are able to demonstrate a complete understanding of the safe work practices that are to followed while working in an excavation.
- This program was written to meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for this type of work.
1.1 Who Should
Participate
- All departments
that work in or around excavations. The work done by a department will
be overseen by their Project Manager.
- Workers who work in or around excavations;
- Contractor’s personnel, since the work done by a Contractor can affect the safety of people working in or around excavations.
2.0 DEFINITIONS
|
Figure 1.0 -- Benching System |
Benching (Benching system) means an excavation where the sides are sloped up and then stepped as shown in Figure 1.0.
Cave-in means that soil or rock has fallen into an excavation, or soil has pushed under a trench shield or support system, in large enough amounts to trap or bury a person.
Competent person means a person trained to identify hazards at the worksite, or working conditions that are unsafe for employees. The Project Manager serves as the departments competent person for the purposes of this program. The Project Manager must do certain tests and inspect the worksite as required by this program, and must make sure that all employees are trained and are doing their work safely.
Cross braces mean the braces of a shoring system that extend from side-to-side in the excavation. The cross braces bear against either uprights or wales.
Department means a department at the university that works in excavations.
Excavation means any man-made cut or trench made by earth removal.
Faces or sides mean the sloped sides of an excavation. In some types of soil or rock the sides can be vertical or almost vertical.
Failure means that a part of a brace or shoring system has moved or been damaged and can no longer support the sides of the excavation.
Hazardous atmosphere generally means that something is present in the air that could harm employees, or that there is too much or not enough oxygen present. A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere that is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, that may cause death, illness, or injury.
Kickout means the accidental movement or failure of a cross brace.
Project Manager is the person in the department that will oversee excavation work and that will make sure that the department complies with this program.
Protective system is the means used to protect employees from cave-ins, from material falling into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent buildings, roads or other structures.
Safety Coordinator means the person at Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS) responsible for overseeing this program, making unannounced work site inspections, and who makes sure that departments comply with this program.
Sheeting means the parts of a shoring system that hold the earth in place. Sheeting is held in place by other parts of the shoring system.
Shield means a device used in an excavation to prevent cave-ins and protect employees working inside the shield system. Shields may be built by workers in the excavation, or may be portable units moved along as work progresses. Shields used in trenches are usually called "trench boxes" or "trench shields."
Shoring means a structure built or put in place to support the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping means sloping the sides of the excavation away from the excavation to protect employees from cave-ins. The slope will vary with type of soil, weather, and other conditions.
Support system means underpinning, bracing, or shoring used to support an adjacent building, underground utilities, or the sides of an excavation.
Uprights are the vertical parts of a shoring system placed against the sides of the excavation.
Wales are the parts of a shoring system placed in the long direction of the excavation that bear against the uprights or sheeting.
3.0 PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 Training and Duties of Program Participants
- All people that
work in excavations shall be trained in what is required by this program.
The departmental Project Manager will train their employees with assistance
as needed from the Safety Coordinator at EHSS.
- Employees will be trained before they begin work in excavations.
- Employees will be retrained annually, when work procedures change, or if it appears that work is being done unsafely.
3.2 Training and
Duties of Workers
All workers in excavations shall comply with this program. These workers
shall receive training in:
- Safe work practices
to be followed when working in excavations;
- The use of personal protective equipment required during work in excavations, such as safety shoes and hard-hats (see Section 4.3(F));
- Safe work practices to be followed if a hazardous atmosphere is present in an excavation; and,
- Emergency rescue methods, and procedure for calling rescue services.
3.3 Training and
Duties of the Project Manager
The Project Manager shall receive the training detailed above. The Project
Manager shall also receive training on selecting the methods used to protect
workers in an excavation (Section 4.0 and 5.0 of Virginia Tech’s
Excavation and Trenching Safety Program for Project Managers). The Project
Manager shall:
A.Help schedule
and train departmental employees;
B.Inspect the worksite daily, or more often as needed to make sure that
work site conditions are safe for employees to work in excavations;
C.Determine the means of protection to be used for each excavation project
(see Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(E)); and,
D.Assure that only approved protective systems and designs are used.
3.4 Safety Coordinator
- The Excavation
and Trenching Safety Program is managed by the Safety Coordinator at
Environmental Health and Safety Services (EHSS). The Safety Coordinator
will:
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
;
- Help departments select equipment that will protect workers;
- Train Project Managers, and help the Project Managers train other departmental employees;
- Review and update the program as needed.
- Make sure
that the program is keeping employees safe, and that the departments
are doing excavation work in a safe manner
4.0 SPECIFIC EXCAVATION
REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Utilities and Pre-work Site Inspection: The Project Manager
shall inspect the site before the excavation is started. Special safety
measures shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Underground sewer, telephone, gas, water and electric lines shall be located
and clearly marked. The Project Manager shall arrange to have these utilities
protected, removed or relocated as needed to do the work safely. The excavation
work shall not be allowed to endanger the underground utility or the people
doing the work. Utilities left in place that are exposed by the excavation
shall be protected by barricades, shoring, or other supports as needed.
Trees, brush, boulders or other objects at the surface that could harm
employees working in the excavation shall be removed or supported.
4.2 Protection
of the Public: The Project Manager shall assure that barricades, walkways,
lighting and signs are used as needed to protect the public during excavation
work.
Guardrails, fences, or barricades shall be used at excavations next to
walkways or driveways used by pedestrians or vehicles. Warning lights
and area lighting shall be used from sunset to sunrise as needed to protect
the public and employees.
Wells, holes, pits, shafts and similar excavations shall be barricaded
or covered and posted as needed to prevent unauthorized access. All temporary
excavations of this type shall be backfilled as soon as possible.
Walkways or bridges with guardrails shall be used where the general
public is permitted to cross over excavations.
4.3 Protection
of Workers in Excavations. The Project Manager shall assure that employees
are protected from hazards that may arise during excavation work as required
by Section 4.3(A) to 4.3(J).
Means of entry and exit from the excavation. Stairs, ladders or
ramps shall be provided when employees enter excavations over 4 feet deep.
The distance of travel in the trench to reach the stair, ladder or ramp
must be less than 25 feet. Two or more means of exit shall be provided
if the excavation is more than 20 feet deep.
Exposure to vehicular traffic. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic
shall be given, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments.
These shall be marked with or made of high-visibility material. Warning
vests worn by flagmen shall be red or orange, and shall be of reflectorized
material if worn during night work.
Employee exposure to falling loads. No employee shall work underneath
loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees shall stand away
from any vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials. Operators
may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded if the vehicles
provide protection for the operator during loading and unloading operations.
Warning system for mobile equipment. A warning system (such as
barricades, hand signals, or stop logs) shall be used when mobile equipment
is operated next to the edge of an excavation if the operator does not
have a clear, direct view of the edge of the excavation. If possible,
the grade should be away from the excavation.
Hazardous atmospheres.
The Project Manager will test the atmosphere in excavations over 4 feet
deep if a hazardous atmosphere is present or could develop. A hazardous
atmosphere could develop, for example, in excavations in landfill areas,
if hazardous materials are stored nearby, or in excavations near or containing
gas pipelines. Suitable precautions will be taken by the Project
Manager as necessary to protect employees.
Personal protective equipment (PPE). The Project Manager shall
ensure that all employees wear all required safety-related equipment as
detailed in the following sections. Hard-hats, safety
eyewear, gloves, hearing protection, and fall protective devices shall
be furnished by the Department. The Department may elect to furnish safety
footwear, but shall, at a minimum, ensure that all employees conducting
work in excavations are wearing approved safety footwear. PPE shall be
inspected regularly by the employee for signs of wear or damage; damaged
PPE shall be immediately repaired using approved parts or replaced.
All employees working
in trenches or excavations shall wear approved hard-hats at all times.
All employees working in trenches or excavations shall wear approved steel
toed shoes or boots.
Employees exposed to flying fragments, dust, or other materials produced
by drilling, sawing, sanding, grinding and similar operations shall wear,
at a minimum, safety glasses with side shields.
Employees exposed to hazards produced by welding, cutting, or brazing
shall wear approved spectacles or a welding faceshield or helmet as determined
by the Project Manager.
Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations shall wear a
harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials. The lifeline shall be
attended by a person at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline
is in the
excavation.
Employees shall wear approved gloves or other suitable hand protection
as determined by the Project Manager.
Employees at the
edge of an excavation 6 feet or more deep shall be protected from falling
by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or other approved means.
Walkways and guardrails. Walkways shall be provided where employees
or equipment are allowed to cross over excavations. Guardrails shall be
provided on walkways used by the general public regardless of the height
above the excavation. Guardrails shall be provided on walkways used only
by on-site project personnel if the walkway is 4 feet or more above lower
levels. If employees pass below a walkway, then guardrails and toeboards
shall be provided.
Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation:
Employees shall not work in excavations with standing water or where water
is collecting unless prior approval or instruction is given by the Project
Manager.
Stability of adjacent structures. The Project Manager will take
precautions as needed to protect employees, nearby buildings or other
structures. The precautions taken, such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning,
will be constructed as directed by the Project Manager.
Protection of
employees from falling objects and loose rocks or soil.
The Project Manager will assure that employees are protected from loose
rock or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face. Such protection
shall consist of:
-
Scaling to remove
loose material;
Installation of barricades such as wire mesh or timber as needed to stop and contain falling material; or
Benching. Benching may be used, when practical, instead of barricades.
Employees shall be protected from excavated materials, equipment or other materials that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into an excavation. Employees shall take care that all materials or equipment are kept at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
-
The Project Manager
may require that restraining devices be used to prevent materials or equipment
from falling or rolling into the excavation.
The Project Manager may require that materials and equipment need to be stored further than 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
Employees shall take care to ensure that materials piled, grouped or stacked near the edge of an excavation are stable and self-supporting.
4.4 Inspection
by the Project Manager. The Project Manager will inspect the excavation,
work area around the excavation, and the protective systems used at least
daily. This inspection shall be conducted by the Project Manager prior
to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. The Project
Manager shall also inspect after every rainstorm or when other
conditions occur that could increase the hazard to employees. These inspections
are only required when the trench will be or is occupied by employees.
5.0 REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
5.1 Protection of Employees In Excavations. Employees in an excavation
shall be protected from cave-ins by:
- Sloping or sloping
and benching the sides of the excavation;
- Use of trench
shields; or
- Construction of trench supports.
The type of protection
used shall be determined by the Project Manager. These protections are
not required if:
- Excavations are
made entirely in stable rock (as determined by the
Project Manager); or
- Excavations are
less than 5 feet deep, and the Project Manager
has looked at the excavation and found no sign of a potential cave-in.
Special caution shall be used when excavating next to any excavation backfilled earlier or next to any fill material.
5.2 Materials and Equipment.
The Project Manager
shall ensure that materials and equipment used to protect employees from
cave-ins shall be free from damage or defects.
Manufactured trench shields, trench boxes and other materials and equipment
used for support systems shall be used and maintained in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
If materials or equipment used for support systems are damaged, they shall
be removed from service until reapproved for use by the Project Manager.
5.3 Installation
and Removal of Support.
General.
-
Members of support
systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kickouts, or other potential hazards.
Support systems shall be installed and removed as directed by the Project Manager.
Before any part of the support system is removed, additional precautions shall be taken as directed by the Project Manager.
Removal of support systems shall begin at the bottom of the excavation. Support members shall be released slowly. If there is any sign of possible failure of other members of the structure, or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation, the work shall be stopped. The work shall not resume until it has been examined by the Project Manager.
The excavation shall be backfilled as the support system is removed.
Additional requirements
for support systems for trench excavations.
-
The Project Manager
may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from below the bottom of
the support system. This work shall be halted if there is any loss of
soil from behind or below the
bottom of the support system.
The installation of a support system, if used, shall closely follow the excavation of the trench.
5.4 Shield Systems.
Shields shall be installed in such a way that the shield will not move
if there is any sudden soil movement against the shield.
Employees entering or exiting the areas protected by shields shall be
protected from the hazard of cave-ins. Employees shall not walk in an
unprotected section of an excavation to reach the shield.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed,
removed, or moved.
Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations.
The Project Manager may allow up to 2 feet of soil to be removed from
below the bottom of the support system. This work shall be halted if there
is any loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
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