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[summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Working Around Vehicles in the Work Zone addresses methods to avoid being struck-by a vehicle on a construction site. The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish.
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[summary:protected] => Suspended scaffold outrigger beams must have stops to prevent the hangers from sliding of the end of the outriggers. Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily.
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[summary:protected] => Concrete forms come with the ability to up full guardrails and toeboards to prevent falls.
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[title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography
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[keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography
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[summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training.
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[title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof
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[summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked
horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge.
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[title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder
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[keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder
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http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf
[summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder.
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[title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation
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[summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head.
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[title:protected] => Massachusetts FACE Report: Carpenter Fatally Injured after Falling from an Extension Ladder
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[summary:protected] => Developed by the International Union of Operating Engineers, this PowerPoint is one module out of three, all of which are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
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Topics We Will Cover
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [51] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 51 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Cement Mason [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [52] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 52 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Commercial Diver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => 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Array ( ) ) [55] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 55 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Electrical Worker [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [56] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 56 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Elevator Constructor [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [57] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => 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59 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Hazardous Waste Cleanup [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [60] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 60 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => HVAC [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [61] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 61 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Interior 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Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 70 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Operating Engineer [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [71] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 71 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Painter [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [72] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Pile Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [75] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 75 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plasterer [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [76] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 76 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plumber/Pipefitter 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=> Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 82 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Stonemason [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [62] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 62 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Structural Ironworker [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [83] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 83 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Terrazzo Worker [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [84] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 84 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Tile Setter [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [85] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 85 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Truck Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [86] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 86 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Welder [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [87] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 87 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Commercial & 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d001502,d001254,d000305,d001590,d001591 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 04/29/19 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 07/07/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4285 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001557 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PPT & PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder [comments:protected] => http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladder.pdf http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf [summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/general_labor/solution/973/incorporating-horizontal-grab-bars-on-fixed-ladders-for-three-point-control.html [more_like_this:protected] => d000896,d001332,d001327 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 2, 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/12/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/12/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4281 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001554 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Roof, Insulation, FACE, Kentucky, Commercial, Falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15Ky078.pdf [summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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Disasters [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [91] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 91 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Heavy & Highway [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [90] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 90 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Industrial [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [49] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 49 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Carpenter [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [50] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 50 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Carpet Layer [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => 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59 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Hazardous Waste Cleanup [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [60] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 60 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => HVAC [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [61] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 61 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Interior 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Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 70 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Operating Engineer [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [71] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 71 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Painter [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [72] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Pile Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [75] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 75 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plasterer [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [76] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 76 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plumber/Pipefitter [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [77] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 77 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Refractory Worker [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [63] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 63 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Reinforcing Ironworker [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [78] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 78 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Roofer/Waterproofer [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [79] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 79 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Scaffold Erector [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => 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=> Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 82 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Stonemason [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [62] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 62 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Structural Ironworker [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [83] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Truck Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [86] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 86 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Welder [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [87] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 87 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Commercial & 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d001502,d001254,d000305,d001590,d001591 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 04/29/19 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 07/07/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4285 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001557 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PPT & PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder [comments:protected] => http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladder.pdf http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf [summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/general_labor/solution/973/incorporating-horizontal-grab-bars-on-fixed-ladders-for-three-point-control.html [more_like_this:protected] => d000896,d001332,d001327 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 2, 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/12/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/12/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4281 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001554 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Roof, Insulation, FACE, Kentucky, Commercial, Falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15Ky078.pdf [summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Pile Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [75] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 75 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plasterer [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [76] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 76 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plumber/Pipefitter 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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The supports for the counterweight must... 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d001502,d001254,d000305,d001590,d001591 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 04/29/19 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 07/07/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4285 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001557 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PPT & PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder [comments:protected] => http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladder.pdf http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf [summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/general_labor/solution/973/incorporating-horizontal-grab-bars-on-fixed-ladders-for-three-point-control.html [more_like_this:protected] => d000896,d001332,d001327 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 2, 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/12/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/12/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4281 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001554 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Roof, Insulation, FACE, Kentucky, Commercial, Falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15Ky078.pdf [summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => Developed by the International Union of Operating Engineers, this PowerPoint is one module out of three, all of which are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. [keywords] => operating engineer, generator, training, awareness, safety, hazmat, hazard, disaster response [related_items] => Array ( [Images] => Array ( [0] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3975 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002683 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended Scaffold Outriggers [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => suspended, scaffold, swing, stage, fall, protection, counterweight, qualified, person [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffolds systems must be designed by a qualified person and inspected daily by a competent person. The supports for the counterweight must be designed with a safety factor of four. 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. 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He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => Developed by the International Union of Operating Engineers, this PowerPoint is one module out of three, all of which are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. [keywords] => operating engineer, generator, training, awareness, safety, hazmat, hazard, disaster response [related_items] => Array ( [Images] => Array ( [0] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3975 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002683 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended Scaffold Outriggers [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => suspended, scaffold, swing, stage, fall, protection, counterweight, qualified, person [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffolds systems must be designed by a qualified person and inspected daily by a competent person. The supports for the counterweight must be designed with a safety factor of four. 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3969 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002677 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Concrete form with guardrails [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Concrete, form, scaffold, guardrail, fall, protection, bridge, construction, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Concrete forms come with the ability to up full guardrails and toeboards to prevent falls. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. 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He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. [keywords] => operating engineer, generator, training, awareness, safety, hazmat, hazard, disaster response [related_items] => Array ( [Images] => Array ( [0] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3975 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002683 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended Scaffold Outriggers [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => suspended, scaffold, swing, stage, fall, protection, counterweight, qualified, person [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffolds systems must be designed by a qualified person and inspected daily by a competent person. The supports for the counterweight must be designed with a safety factor of four. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => d000244,d000359,i000253,i000407 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => MetroPark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 28 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3976 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002684 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended scaffold [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Suspended, scaffold, outrigger, beams, erection, wire, rope, inspection, swing, stage, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffold outrigger beams must have stops to prevent the hangers from sliding of the end of the outriggers. Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3969 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002677 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Concrete form with guardrails [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Concrete, form, scaffold, guardrail, fall, protection, bridge, construction, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Concrete forms come with the ability to up full guardrails and toeboards to prevent falls. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d001502,d001254,d000305,d001590,d001591 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 04/29/19 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 07/07/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4285 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001557 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PPT & PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder [comments:protected] => http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladder.pdf http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf [summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/general_labor/solution/973/incorporating-horizontal-grab-bars-on-fixed-ladders-for-three-point-control.html [more_like_this:protected] => d000896,d001332,d001327 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 2, 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/12/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/12/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4281 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001554 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Roof, Insulation, FACE, Kentucky, Commercial, Falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15Ky078.pdf [summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/roofing/solution/717/personal-fall-arrest-systems.html [more_like_this:protected] => d001509,d000406,d001136 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => June 19, 2017 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/05/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [3] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4273 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001550 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Clayton Sinyai [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Massachusetts FACE Report: Carpenter Fatally Injured after Falling from an Extension Ladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => FACE, fatality, falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15ma037.pdf [summary:protected] => On August 1, 2015 a 49-year-old male carpenter employed by a residential contractor was fatally injured after falling from an extension ladder. The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solution/921/ladder-safety-mobile-application.html?sess_id=19ef06722e94be078505394bd9e91de0 [more_like_this:protected] => i002645,d000454,a000081,d000545 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/08/17 [date_completed:protected] => 12/21/17 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/05/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [collections] => Array ( [4256] => ) [record] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => Array ( ) [organizations:protected] => Array ( [122] => Organization Object ( [id:protected] => 122 [elcosh_id:protected] => o000146 [user_id:protected] => 0 [province_id:protected] => 0 [country_id:protected] => 0 [title:protected] => International Union of Operating Engineers [address:protected] => [postal_code:protected] => [city:protected] => [department:protected] => [phone:protected] => [fax:protected] => [email:protected] => [website:protected] => [filename:protected] => [about:protected] => [comments:protected] => Added during eLCOSH Server Move project on 2009-07-03. This organization was present in the ContributingOrganization field in the Documents table of the legacy MS Access database but did not have a corresponding entry in the OrganizationID field. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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The resource includes a brief case example,... 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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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/document/4426/d001656/Construction%2BDive%2B--%2BDeWalt%2527s%2BJobsite%2BPro%2Bheadphones%2Brecalled%2Bfor%2Bfire%2Bhazards.html [item:protected] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => Array ( [16] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 16 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 7 [label:protected] => Fire & Explosions [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [44] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d001502,d001254,d000305,d001590,d001591 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 04/29/19 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 07/07/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4285 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001557 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PPT & PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder [comments:protected] => http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladder.pdf http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf [summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/general_labor/solution/973/incorporating-horizontal-grab-bars-on-fixed-ladders-for-three-point-control.html [more_like_this:protected] => d000896,d001332,d001327 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 2, 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/12/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/12/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4281 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001554 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Roof, Insulation, FACE, Kentucky, Commercial, Falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15Ky078.pdf [summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Pile Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [75] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 75 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plasterer [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [76] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 76 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plumber/Pipefitter 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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The supports for the counterweight must... 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d001502,d001254,d000305,d001590,d001591 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 04/29/19 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 07/07/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4285 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001557 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PPT & PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder [comments:protected] => http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladder.pdf http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf [summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/general_labor/solution/973/incorporating-horizontal-grab-bars-on-fixed-ladders-for-three-point-control.html [more_like_this:protected] => d000896,d001332,d001327 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 2, 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/12/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/12/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4281 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001554 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Roof, Insulation, FACE, Kentucky, Commercial, Falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15Ky078.pdf [summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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The resource... 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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => Developed by the International Union of Operating Engineers, this PowerPoint is one module out of three, all of which are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. [keywords] => operating engineer, generator, training, awareness, safety, hazmat, hazard, disaster response [related_items] => Array ( [Images] => Array ( [0] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3975 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002683 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended Scaffold Outriggers [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => suspended, scaffold, swing, stage, fall, protection, counterweight, qualified, person [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffolds systems must be designed by a qualified person and inspected daily by a competent person. The supports for the counterweight must be designed with a safety factor of four. 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. 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He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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associated with using fixed ladders. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => Developed by the International Union of Operating Engineers, this PowerPoint is one module out of three, all of which are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. [keywords] => operating engineer, generator, training, awareness, safety, hazmat, hazard, disaster response [related_items] => Array ( [Images] => Array ( [0] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3975 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002683 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended Scaffold Outriggers [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => suspended, scaffold, swing, stage, fall, protection, counterweight, qualified, person [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffolds systems must be designed by a qualified person and inspected daily by a competent person. The supports for the counterweight must be designed with a safety factor of four. 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3969 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002677 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Concrete form with guardrails [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Concrete, form, scaffold, guardrail, fall, protection, bridge, construction, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Concrete forms come with the ability to up full guardrails and toeboards to prevent falls. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. 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He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. [keywords] => operating engineer, generator, training, awareness, safety, hazmat, hazard, disaster response [related_items] => Array ( [Images] => Array ( [0] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3975 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002683 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended Scaffold Outriggers [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => suspended, scaffold, swing, stage, fall, protection, counterweight, qualified, person [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffolds systems must be designed by a qualified person and inspected daily by a competent person. The supports for the counterweight must be designed with a safety factor of four. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => d000244,d000359,i000253,i000407 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => MetroPark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 28 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3976 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002684 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended scaffold [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Suspended, scaffold, outrigger, beams, erection, wire, rope, inspection, swing, stage, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffold outrigger beams must have stops to prevent the hangers from sliding of the end of the outriggers. Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3969 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002677 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Concrete form with guardrails [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Concrete, form, scaffold, guardrail, fall, protection, bridge, construction, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Concrete forms come with the ability to up full guardrails and toeboards to prevent falls. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d001502,d001254,d000305,d001590,d001591 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 04/29/19 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 07/07/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4285 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001557 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PPT & PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder [comments:protected] => http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladder.pdf http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf [summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/general_labor/solution/973/incorporating-horizontal-grab-bars-on-fixed-ladders-for-three-point-control.html [more_like_this:protected] => d000896,d001332,d001327 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 2, 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/12/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/12/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4281 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001554 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Roof, Insulation, FACE, Kentucky, Commercial, Falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15Ky078.pdf [summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/roofing/solution/717/personal-fall-arrest-systems.html [more_like_this:protected] => d001509,d000406,d001136 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => June 19, 2017 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/05/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [3] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4273 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001550 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Clayton Sinyai [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Massachusetts FACE Report: Carpenter Fatally Injured after Falling from an Extension Ladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => FACE, fatality, falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15ma037.pdf [summary:protected] => On August 1, 2015 a 49-year-old male carpenter employed by a residential contractor was fatally injured after falling from an extension ladder. The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solution/921/ladder-safety-mobile-application.html?sess_id=19ef06722e94be078505394bd9e91de0 [more_like_this:protected] => i002645,d000454,a000081,d000545 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/08/17 [date_completed:protected] => 12/21/17 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/05/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [collections] => Array ( [4256] => ) [record] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => Array ( ) [organizations:protected] => Array ( [122] => Organization Object ( [id:protected] => 122 [elcosh_id:protected] => o000146 [user_id:protected] => 0 [province_id:protected] => 0 [country_id:protected] => 0 [title:protected] => International Union of Operating Engineers [address:protected] => [postal_code:protected] => [city:protected] => [department:protected] => [phone:protected] => [fax:protected] => [email:protected] => [website:protected] => [filename:protected] => [about:protected] => [comments:protected] => Added during eLCOSH Server Move project on 2009-07-03. This organization was present in the ContributingOrganization field in the Documents table of the legacy MS Access database but did not have a corresponding entry in the OrganizationID field. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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The resource includes a brief case example,... 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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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/document/4426/d001656/Construction%2BDive%2B--%2BDeWalt%2527s%2BJobsite%2BPro%2Bheadphones%2Brecalled%2Bfor%2Bfire%2Bhazards.html [item:protected] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => Array ( [16] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 16 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 7 [label:protected] => Fire & Explosions [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [44] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d001502,d001254,d000305,d001590,d001591 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 04/29/19 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 07/07/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4285 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001557 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PPT & PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder [comments:protected] => http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladder.pdf http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf [summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/general_labor/solution/973/incorporating-horizontal-grab-bars-on-fixed-ladders-for-three-point-control.html [more_like_this:protected] => d000896,d001332,d001327 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 2, 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/12/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/12/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4281 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001554 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Roof, Insulation, FACE, Kentucky, Commercial, Falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15Ky078.pdf [summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Pile Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [75] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 75 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plasterer [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [76] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 76 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plumber/Pipefitter 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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The supports for the counterweight must... 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d001502,d001254,d000305,d001590,d001591 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 04/29/19 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 07/07/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4285 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001557 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PPT & PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder [comments:protected] => http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladder.pdf http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf [summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/general_labor/solution/973/incorporating-horizontal-grab-bars-on-fixed-ladders-for-three-point-control.html [more_like_this:protected] => d000896,d001332,d001327 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 2, 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/12/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/12/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4281 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001554 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Roof, Insulation, FACE, Kentucky, Commercial, Falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15Ky078.pdf [summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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The resource... 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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => Developed by the International Union of Operating Engineers, this PowerPoint is one module out of three, all of which are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. [keywords] => operating engineer, generator, training, awareness, safety, hazmat, hazard, disaster response [related_items] => Array ( [Images] => Array ( [0] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3975 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002683 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended Scaffold Outriggers [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => suspended, scaffold, swing, stage, fall, protection, counterweight, qualified, person [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffolds systems must be designed by a qualified person and inspected daily by a competent person. The supports for the counterweight must be designed with a safety factor of four. 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. 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He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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associated with using fixed ladders. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => Developed by the International Union of Operating Engineers, this PowerPoint is one module out of three, all of which are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. [keywords] => operating engineer, generator, training, awareness, safety, hazmat, hazard, disaster response [related_items] => Array ( [Images] => Array ( [0] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3975 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002683 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended Scaffold Outriggers [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => suspended, scaffold, swing, stage, fall, protection, counterweight, qualified, person [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffolds systems must be designed by a qualified person and inspected daily by a competent person. The supports for the counterweight must be designed with a safety factor of four. 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3969 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002677 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Concrete form with guardrails [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Concrete, form, scaffold, guardrail, fall, protection, bridge, construction, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Concrete forms come with the ability to up full guardrails and toeboards to prevent falls. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. 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He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. [keywords] => operating engineer, generator, training, awareness, safety, hazmat, hazard, disaster response [related_items] => Array ( [Images] => Array ( [0] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3975 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002683 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended Scaffold Outriggers [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => suspended, scaffold, swing, stage, fall, protection, counterweight, qualified, person [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffolds systems must be designed by a qualified person and inspected daily by a competent person. The supports for the counterweight must be designed with a safety factor of four. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => d000244,d000359,i000253,i000407 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => MetroPark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 28 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3976 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002684 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended scaffold [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Suspended, scaffold, outrigger, beams, erection, wire, rope, inspection, swing, stage, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffold outrigger beams must have stops to prevent the hangers from sliding of the end of the outriggers. Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3969 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002677 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Concrete form with guardrails [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Concrete, form, scaffold, guardrail, fall, protection, bridge, construction, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Concrete forms come with the ability to up full guardrails and toeboards to prevent falls. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d001502,d001254,d000305,d001590,d001591 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 04/29/19 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 07/07/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4285 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001557 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PPT & PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder [comments:protected] => http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladder.pdf http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf [summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/general_labor/solution/973/incorporating-horizontal-grab-bars-on-fixed-ladders-for-three-point-control.html [more_like_this:protected] => d000896,d001332,d001327 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 2, 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/12/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/12/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4281 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001554 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Roof, Insulation, FACE, Kentucky, Commercial, Falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15Ky078.pdf [summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/roofing/solution/717/personal-fall-arrest-systems.html [more_like_this:protected] => d001509,d000406,d001136 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => June 19, 2017 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/05/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [3] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4273 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001550 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Clayton Sinyai [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Massachusetts FACE Report: Carpenter Fatally Injured after Falling from an Extension Ladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => FACE, fatality, falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15ma037.pdf [summary:protected] => On August 1, 2015 a 49-year-old male carpenter employed by a residential contractor was fatally injured after falling from an extension ladder. The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solution/921/ladder-safety-mobile-application.html?sess_id=19ef06722e94be078505394bd9e91de0 [more_like_this:protected] => i002645,d000454,a000081,d000545 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/08/17 [date_completed:protected] => 12/21/17 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/05/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [collections] => Array ( [4256] => ) [record] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => Array ( ) [organizations:protected] => Array ( [122] => Organization Object ( [id:protected] => 122 [elcosh_id:protected] => o000146 [user_id:protected] => 0 [province_id:protected] => 0 [country_id:protected] => 0 [title:protected] => International Union of Operating Engineers [address:protected] => [postal_code:protected] => [city:protected] => [department:protected] => [phone:protected] => [fax:protected] => [email:protected] => [website:protected] => [filename:protected] => [about:protected] => [comments:protected] => Added during eLCOSH Server Move project on 2009-07-03. This organization was present in the ContributingOrganization field in the Documents table of the legacy MS Access database but did not have a corresponding entry in the OrganizationID field. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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The resource includes a brief case example,... 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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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/document/4426/d001656/Construction%2BDive%2B--%2BDeWalt%2527s%2BJobsite%2BPro%2Bheadphones%2Brecalled%2Bfor%2Bfire%2Bhazards.html [item:protected] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => Array ( [16] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 16 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 7 [label:protected] => Fire & Explosions [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [44] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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structural support that prevents collapses during construction. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d001502,d001254,d000305,d001590,d001591 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 04/29/19 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 07/07/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4285 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001557 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PPT & PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder [comments:protected] => http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladder.pdf http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf [summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/general_labor/solution/973/incorporating-horizontal-grab-bars-on-fixed-ladders-for-three-point-control.html [more_like_this:protected] => d000896,d001332,d001327 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 2, 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/12/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/12/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4281 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001554 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Roof, Insulation, FACE, Kentucky, Commercial, Falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15Ky078.pdf [summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Pile Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [75] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 75 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plasterer [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [76] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 76 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Plumber/Pipefitter 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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The supports for the counterweight must... 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d001502,d001254,d000305,d001590,d001591 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 04/29/19 [date_completed:protected] => 06/30/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 07/07/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4285 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001557 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PPT & PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Washington FACE Report: Glazier Foreman Falls From Stepladder [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Fall, Glazier, Stepladder [comments:protected] => http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladder.pdf http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/GlazierForemanFallsFromStepladderSlideshow.pdf [summary:protected] => In December of 2015, a 58-year-old glazier foreman died of injuries after falling from a stepladder. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/general_labor/solution/973/incorporating-horizontal-grab-bars-on-fixed-ladders-for-three-point-control.html [more_like_this:protected] => d000896,d001332,d001327 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 2, 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 01/05/18 [date_completed:protected] => 01/12/18 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 01/12/18 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [2] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4281 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001554 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 29 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Ellyse Stauffer [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Kentucky FACE Report: Commercial Roofer Falls 30 Feet Through a Skylight While Installing Roof Insulation [total_pages:protected] => 10 [billed_pages:protected] => 10 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Roof, Insulation, FACE, Kentucky, Commercial, Falls [comments:protected] => https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/pdfs/15Ky078.pdf [summary:protected] => On Friday, December 11, 2015 a 25-year-old male roofer (the victim) was working with a roofing crew to install insulation and corrugated metal roofing panels on a warehouse roof. He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. 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Wire rope supported must be desig... 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/task/Erect%2Band%2Bdismantle%2Bscaffolds/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002683, d000244, i000407, d000606 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Metropark, Miller and Long [img_practice:protected] => not_applicable [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/28/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/28/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => Developed by the International Union of Operating Engineers, this PowerPoint is one module out of three, all of which are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. [keywords] => operating engineer, generator, training, awareness, safety, hazmat, hazard, disaster response [related_items] => Array ( [Images] => Array ( [0] => ImageRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3975 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002683 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => John Newquist [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Suspended Scaffold Outriggers [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => suspended, scaffold, swing, stage, fall, protection, counterweight, qualified, person [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Suspended scaffolds systems must be designed by a qualified person and inspected daily by a competent person. The supports for the counterweight must be designed with a safety factor of four. 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Wire rope supported must be designed with a safety factor of 6. The scaffold must be inspected by a competent person daily. 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[transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/work/3/37/ [more_like_this:protected] => i002672,d001202 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => John Newquist [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => August 23 2015 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_completed:protected] => 08/23/15 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/23/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4360 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001615 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Welding Fumes: An Interdisciplinary Annotated Bibliography [total_pages:protected] => 22 [billed_pages:protected] => 22 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => welding, welder, bibliography [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This document is part of a series of annotated, interdisciplinary bibliographies of academic research on major topics in construction occupational safety and health, from Asbestos to Training. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => April 2019 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 05/02/19 [date_completed:protected] => 08/27/19 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 08/29/19 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4336 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001592 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 23 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => [priority_id:protected] => 2 [title:protected] => Construction Fatality Narrative: Roofer Falls 18 Feet from Wet House Roof [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => REPORT #: 71-178-2019 [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => fall, FACE, fatality, report, roof, [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked horizontally along the roof for about 25 feet. No one else was on the roof.
The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge. 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He stepped on a clear fiberglass skylight and fell 30 feet, fatally striking his head. 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The victim was climbing an extension ladder that was set up on stone pavers to access the roof. While climbing the ladder, the victim fell to the ground below when the base of the ladder slipped out and then the ladder fell to the left. 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are part of a 2-hour Generator Safety Awareness Program. This presentation covers hazards inherent to the use of portable generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe. 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Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
[content_transformed:protected] =>
Topics We Will Cover
I. Portable Generator Modes and Types
II. Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
- Shocks and Electrocution
- Carbon Monoxide
- Fire Hazards
- Noise and Vibration
III. Sizing an Emergency Generator
Test Yourself
- Name one of the most valuable things you can do to understand safe and proper use (and maintenance) of your generator.
- Under what conditions would you use (a) an independent portable generator system and (b) an integrated portable generator system?
- Assume you will use a portable generator to power a building or residence during a power failure. Before turning the generator on, what very important thing should you do first?
- Why is a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch so important for safety?
- When using extension cords with a generator, what is a common cause of a spark or fire hazard?
- With portable generators, explain why carbon monoxide poisoning is a hazard.
- Name two symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- List five items in a home or residence a portable generator should be able to power.
NOTE: There are many “right” answers to these questions. Many of them are written ambiguously to really cause a person to think hard about what they know or don’t know about these topics.
Objectives
EXPOSURE
- Be exposed to topics associated with portable generator hazards such as proper setup, use of cords, proper grounding, water hazards, fire hazards, dangers from hot engines, fuel storage, noise, and vibration.
KNOWLEDGE
- Identify independent and integrated portable generator systems.
- Understand the purpose and design of a double-pole, double-throw transfer switch.
- Understand the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning and its symptoms.
SKILLS
- Be able to identify and prioritize power requirements for emergency generator use.
- Complete a power calculation worksheet.
ATTITUDES
- Be aware of the need for proper setup with regards to shocks and electrocution.
- Contribute to a culture of safe generator practices.
Portable Generator Safety
This presentation discusses specific hazards inherent with the use of generators and also provides helpful information to ensure that workers and others using such equipment remain safe.
Safety Notes
If you plan on using an emergency generator, it is essential that you take precautions for your safety and for the safety of utility employees working to restore power.
Before starting your generator, carefully read, understand, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Key Points of Generator Safety
- All electrical connections must comply with the National Electric Code.
- Do not overload generator with too many appliances.
- After losing main power, turn off main breaker or pull main fuse block.
- Generators that are directly connected to existing wiring systems must use a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) transfer switch.
- Generator must be properly grounded according to manufacturer recommendations.
- You may be liable for damage or injury to people and property that may result from an improperly installed or operated emergency generator.
Generator Types
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS
PTO-DRIVEN GENERATORS
Available as portable or stationary units, generators come in many sizes and configurations.
Factors such as availability, storage, volatility and safety should be considered for each fuel type. In general, smaller units (less than 7,000 watts) tend to be gasoline powered, while the larger units usually run on diesel fuel, liquid propane or natural gas.
Power take-off (PTO) generators use an attachment on farm tractors or construction equipment such as bulldozers and front-end loaders.
Typical Portable Generator
Generator Modes
The two safe modes for supplying power from an emergency generator are:
- Independent portable operation
- Integrated system operation
Generator Modes: Independent Portable Operation
- A generator that operates as an independent, stand-alone unit NOT connected to any existing wiring system.
- Cords plugged into the generator delivering power to selected electrical equipment and appliances.
- Useful when temporary or remote power is needed.
- Commonly used during cleanup and recovery efforts following disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
- An emergency generator that is connected to an existing wiring system of a home or business.
- This system uses a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) “transfer switch” to safely isolate the generator from the utility power lines.
Transfer Switch Explained
The DPDT transfer switch has three positions:
- Utility power on, Generator power off;
- Both off; and
- Generator power on, Utility power off.
An integrated system must use a DPDT transfer switch.
PORTABLE: Here, a special heavy-duty cable from the generator is plugged into a specially designed outdoor power transfer outlet. (Note: this is different from a typical outdoor electrical outlet found on most homes.) This outlet feeds the DPDT transfer switch which, in turn, connects power to selected circuits in the emergency sub-panel box.
PERMANENT: Shown above is a permanent outdoor generator installation, with the unit housed inside a weather-resistant, protective enclosure. The DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box used to redirect generator power to selected circuits. The electric devices you have determined to be necessary in an emergency are wired into the emergency sub-panel.
Note the DPDT transfer switch has been installed between the main panel box and a separate emergency sub-panel box.
Hazards Associated with Portable Generators
Shocks and Electrocution
Proper Setup
- The electricity created by generators has the same hazards as normal utility-supplied electricity.
- Additional shock and electrocution hazards occur because many generator users often bypass the safety devices (such as circuit breakers) that are built into electrical systems.
- Never attach a generator directly to the building's electrical system of a structure (home, office, trailer, etc.) unless a qualified electrician has properly installed the generator with a transfer switch.
- Power off and do not use any electrical equipment that has strange odors or begins smoking.
Attaching a generator directly to a building electrical system without a properly installed transfer switch can energize wiring systems for great distances. This creates a risk of electrocution for utility workers and others in the area.
Use of Cords
- Always plug electrical appliances directly into the generator using the manufacturer’s supplied cords or extension cords that are grounded (3-pronged).
- Inspect the cords to make sure they are fully intact and not damaged, cut, or abraded.
- Never use frayed or damaged extension cords. Ensure the cords are appropriately rated in watts or amps for the intended use.
- Do not use underrated cords; replace them with appropriately rated cords that use heavier gauge wires.
- Do not overload a generator; this can lead to overheating which can create a fire hazard.
Grounding
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), especially where electrical equipment is used in or around wet or damp locations.
- Make sure a generator is properly grounded and the grounding connections are tight.
- Consult the manufacturer's instructions for proper grounding methods.
GFCIs shut off power when an electrical current is detected outside normal paths. GFCIs and extension cords with built-in GFCI protection can be purchased at hardware stores, do-it-yourself centers, and other locations that sell electrical equipment. Regardless of GFCI use, electrical equipment used in wet and damp locations must be listed and approved for those conditions.
Water Hazards
- Keep a generator dry; do not use it in the rain or wet conditions.
- If needed, protect a generator with a canopy.
- Never manipulate a generator’s electrical components if you are wet or standing in water.
- Do not use electrical equipment that has been submerged in water.
- Equipment must be thoroughly dried out and properly evaluated before using.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Hazard
- Many people have died from CO poisoning because their generator was not adequately ventilated.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.
- Symptoms of CO poisoning: dizziness, headaches, nausea, tiredness—get to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention.
- Do not re-eneter the area until it is determined to be safe by trained and properly equipped personnel.
Proper Ventilation
- Never use a generator indoors or in enclosed spaces such as garages, crawl spaces, and basements.
- Make sure a generator has 3 to 4 feet of clear space on all sides and above it to ensure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use a generator outdoors if its placement near doors, windows, and vents could allow CO to enter and build up in occupied spaces.
Detectors are Critical
Is it Okay to Extend the Exhaust Pipe?
- What does your manufacturer recommend?
- Flexible exhaust extensions are available in many auto parts stores.
- Care should be taken to limit the length of the extension to minimize exhaust back pressure.
Fire Hazards
Danger from Hot Engine
- Generators become hot while running and remain hot for long periods after they are stopped.
- Generator fuels (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) can ignite when spilled on hot engine parts.
- Before refueling, shut down the generator and allow it to cool.
Fuel Storage
- Gasoline and other generator fuels should be stored and transported in approved containers that are properly designed and marked for their contents and vented.
- Keep fuel containers away from flame-producing and heat-generating devices (such as the generator itself, water heaters, cigarettes, lighters, and matches).
- Do not smoke around fuel containers.
- Escaping vapors or vapors from spilled materials can travel long distances to ignition sources.
- Do not store generator fuels in your home.
- Store fuels away from living areas.
Noise and Vibration Hazards
- Generator engines vibrate and create noise.
- Excessive noise and vibration could cause hearing loss and fatigue that may affect job performance.
- Keep portable generators as far away as possible from work areas and gathering spaces. Wear hearing protection if this is not possible.
Prioritizing Needs and Load Planning
Prioritizing Your Needs
- Make a list of all critical items you feel must operate in an emergency.
- Limit the load on your generator. Higher loads use more fuel. Add the wattages of essential appliances, including “starting wattage” for items that use electric motors.
- Use low-watt light bulbs that provide a safe level of light. This reserves power for additional equipment or appliances.
- Nameplate information on motors or appliances can help you determine their kilowatt rating:
- Power (watts) = Current (amps) x Voltage (volts)
Load Planning
Electrical appliances have either resistive load or inductive load.
- Resistive Load: Electric appliances (electric stoves, electric space heaters, radios, light bulbs, televisions) that have the same starting and operating wattage.
- Inductive Load: Electric appliances (power tools, refrigerators, freezers, pumps) that use electric motors requiring two to four times the operating wattage for start-up.
Load Planning Example
First prioritize the most critical equipment like lights and heat.
Then slowly add devices and appliances to stay under the unit capacity.
In this case a 5,000-watt portable generator would be needed.
Load Planning Exercise
- Determine your own electrical needs by completing this load calculation worksheet.
- Remember, safety first! Try not to overload the capacity of your generator!
Any Questions?
This publication was supported by the National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U45ES006182. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
IUOE National Training Fund
National HAZMAT Program
1293 Airport Road
Beaver, WV 25813
(304) 253-8674
Fax (304) 253-7758
hazmat@iuoehazmat.org
www.iuoehazmat.org
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