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[summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Working Around Vehicles in the Work Zone addresses methods to avoid being struck-by a vehicle on a construction site. The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish.
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[description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem.
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[comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text:
The limited availability of personal protective
equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace
health and safety issue. In addition to undermining
efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of
adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of
employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting
protective clothing and equipment can also mean
that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields
will be unable to perform efficiently the given
tasks of the job.
To address these issues, the Industrial Accident
Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s
Directorate have jointly developed this publication
and a directory.
(2) Please link to d1109
---------------
Note from Chris on 5/5/11
Original submission date: 5/5/11
Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11
[summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.
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This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
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[summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success.
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[comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text:
The limited availability of personal protective
equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace
health and safety issue. In addition to undermining
efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of
adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of
employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting
protective clothing and equipment can also mean
that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields
will be unable to perform efficiently the given
tasks of the job.
To address these issues, the Industrial Accident
Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s
Directorate have jointly developed this publication
and a directory.
(2) Please link to d1109
---------------
Note from Chris on 5/5/11
Original submission date: 5/5/11
Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11
[summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items.
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[summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations.
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This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
[summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations.
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[summary:protected] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem.
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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women
3,4.
This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Truck Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [86] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 86 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Welder [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [87] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 87 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Commercial & 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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associated with using fixed ladders. The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Truck Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [86] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 86 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Welder [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [87] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 87 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Commercial & 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Truck Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [86] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 86 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Welder [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [87] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 87 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Commercial & 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Truck Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [86] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 86 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Welder [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [87] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 87 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Commercial & 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Truck Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [86] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 86 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Welder [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [87] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 87 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Commercial & 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Truck Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [86] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 86 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Welder [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [87] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 87 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Commercial & 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Truck Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [86] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 86 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Welder [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [87] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 87 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Commercial & 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Truck Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [86] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 86 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Welder [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [87] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 87 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Commercial & 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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The resource... 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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It is being delivered in English and Spanish.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
[content_transformed:protected] =>
In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Truck Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [86] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 86 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Welder [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [87] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 87 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Commercial & 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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The resource includes a brief case example, steps to prevent a related injury and questions for discussion. It includes an image that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource... 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[type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Toolbox Talk: Challenges Preventing Falling Objects [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => dropped objects, falling objects, struck by incidents, struck by fatalities [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Challenges Preventing Falling Objects addresses the hazards of being struck by falling objects on the job site. The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a group workers observing a scaffold free of debris during high winds, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The resource includes a brief example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates a worker inspecting a Tower Crane before operation, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The res... 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The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish. 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The recall is a result of... 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[type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Truck Driver [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [86] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 86 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 2 [label:protected] => Welder [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [87] => Category Object ( [languages:protected] => [bok_resources:protected] => [bok_topics:protected] => [bok_keywords:protected] => [id:protected] => 87 [type:protected] => category [parent:protected] => 3 [label:protected] => Commercial & 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[files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 4426 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => d001656 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Mike Aguilar [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction Dive -- DeWalt's Jobsite Pro headphones recalled for fire hazards [total_pages:protected] => 1 [billed_pages:protected] => 1 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => DeWalt, Fire Hazards, recall, headphones [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => A recall notice by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission affects over 300,000 DeWalt Jobsite Pro Headphones. The recall is a result of a malfunction that can cause earbuds to overheat while charging or during use, leading to fire and burn hazards. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => https://www.constructiondive.com/news/dewalts-jobsite-pro-headphones-recalled-for-fire-hazards/611248/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202021-12-10%20Construction%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:38532%5D&utm_term=Construction%20Dive [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_completed:protected] => 12/13/21 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 12/13/21 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [new_images] => Array ( [0] => Search_Result Object ( [title] => Safety officer discussing ongoing project with marketing coordinator [image] => /record/images/4014-p.jpg [blurb] => The safety officer (left) points out the good safety practices on this project that reflect well on the firm and may influence future clients.... 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( ) ) ) [categories_initialized:protected] => 1 [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 3995 [old_id:protected] => [elcosh_id:protected] => i002690 [type:protected] => image [display_type:protected] => Image [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Bruce Lippy [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Construction bracing [total_pages:protected] => 0 [billed_pages:protected] => 0 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Bracing, support, scaffold [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => This shows structural support that prevents collapses during construction. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/masonry/solution/8/adjustable-tower-scaffold.html [more_like_this:protected] => i002660 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => jpg [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => Photo by Pam Susi [img_practice:protected] => good [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => January 2016 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_completed:protected] => 02/01/16 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 02/01/16 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) ) [preview_mode] => [description] => A short report developed by researchers at the Mt. Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health based on focus groups with female construction workers about personal protective equipment (PPE). Most of the focus group participants reported significant problems with achieving a proper fit for nearly all types of PPE. The researchers noted that while the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee,” there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard. Recommendations are provided to OSHA, employers, union and manufacturers to address the problem. [keywords] => women, PPE, personal protective equipment, anthropometry, anthropometric [related_items] => Array ( [Research Reports] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1677 [old_id:protected] => 608 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000586 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Sharon Garber/COD [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => In Their Own Words: Women in the Blue-Collar Construction Trades [total_pages:protected] => 2 [billed_pages:protected] => 2 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, women, blue-collar, NEW, employment, trend [comments:protected] => [summary:protected] => Report of a Cornell Study on women in construction, including statistics on demographics, job retainment, and factors leading to success. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000391,d000497,d000561 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 10/17/03 [date_completed:protected] => 10/21/03 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/05/15 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [1] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 1198 [old_id:protected] => 1235 [elcosh_id:protected] => d001110 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML w/ PDF [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => Eileen Betit [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => Personal Protective Equipment for Women - Addressing the Need [total_pages:protected] => 35 [billed_pages:protected] => 35 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => respirator, gloves, clothing, shoes, glasses, XS, PPE [comments:protected] => (1)Please include the following descriptive text: The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => [external_link:protected] => [consol_link:protected] => [more_like_this:protected] => d000817,d001110,d000586 [permission_given_by:protected] => [published:protected] => T [billable:protected] => F [img_name:protected] => [img_ext:protected] => [img_width:protected] => [img_height:protected] => [img_credit:protected] => [img_practice:protected] => [vid_source_id:protected] => [vid_running_time:protected] => [vid_intended_audience:protected] => [vid_acquisition_info:protected] => [vid_cost:protected] => [vid_producer:protected] => [vid_filename:protected] => [vid_filename_downloadable:protected] => [date_summary:protected] => 1999 [date_permission_requested:protected] => [date_permission_received:protected] => [date_review_needed:protected] => [date_received:protected] => 09/16/02 [date_completed:protected] => 09/27/02 [date_billed:protected] => [date_modified:protected] => 10/09/12 [collBokExports:protected] => [lastBokExportCriteria:BaseElcoshItem:private] => [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) ) [Government Requirements and Guidance] => Array ( [0] => DocumentRecord Object ( [records:protected] => Array ( ) [recordId:protected] => [searchWordClass:protected] => [searchWordPeerClass:protected] => [bok_record:protected] => [authors:protected] => [organizations:protected] => [collections:protected] => [categories:protected] => [categories_initialized:protected] => [mapped_items:protected] => [content:protected] => [files:protected] => [language:protected] => Language Object ( [id:protected] => 1 [code:protected] => en [name:protected] => English [alreadyInSave:protected] => [alreadyInValidation:protected] => [validationFailures:protected] => Array ( ) [_new:BaseObject:private] => [_deleted:BaseObject:private] => [modifiedColumns:protected] => Array ( ) ) [old_record:protected] => [id:protected] => 2212 [old_id:protected] => 862 [elcosh_id:protected] => d000817 [type:protected] => document [display_type:protected] => HTML only (and links) [user_id:protected] => 0 [language_id:protected] => 1 [tagging_id:protected] => eileen and sharretta [priority_id:protected] => 1 [title:protected] => ACCSH 1995-1, exh 10, Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) Final Report [total_pages:protected] => 28 [billed_pages:protected] => 28 [publication_number:protected] => [part_of:protected] => [keywords:protected] => Occupation, construction, safety, health, hazards, work, worker, workplace, gender, tradeswoman [comments:protected] => Please link to d801 This document was not supplied as a pdf. But is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html [summary:protected] => Study and recommendations based on the work of the ACCSH Health and Safety of Women in Construction. The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. [transition_comments:protected] => This file containsa link “OSHA Advisory Committee for Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH)” that takes you to d000801, which is being deleted. In addition, there is a separate report posted under a separate eLCOSH ID based on the work of this Committee. 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This organization was assigned to an author or authors without being also included in the Organization table. 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In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering certain ‘non-traditional’ fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job. To address these issues, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate have jointly developed this publication and a directory. (2) Please link to d1109 --------------- Note from Chris on 5/5/11 Original submission date: 5/5/11 Updated submission date per Sharretta's request: 3/5/11 [summary:protected] => Report and directory on the availability and use of personal protective equipment for women. The study was done by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association and the Ontario Women’s Directorate. Part of a collection. Click on the 'collection' button to access the other items. 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The focus is on the prevalence of a hostile workplace, restricted access to sanitary toilets, protective clothing and equipment in the wrong sizes, and poor on-the-job training as factors that adversely impacted women's ability to perform their jobs safely, and recommendations for correcting these situations. 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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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In 2014, there were approximately 873,000 women in the construction industry, employed at every level from managers, administrative personnel and inspectors, to engineers and production staff1. Everyone, from managers to frontline workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when they walk onto a construction work site.
While the OSHA General Industry Standard states that “the employer shall select PPE that properly fits each affected employee”2, there is no similar provision in the Construction Standard.
Previous studies on PPE and female construction workers have consistently reported that PPE commonly made available to female construction workers was not designed for women 3,4. This is not surprising, given most of the anthropometric data used for PPE templates are derived from studies on military personnel or the general employed population from the 1950- 70s, when women were poorly represented5,6. The U.S. Army recently redesigned their combat uniforms to accommodate anatomical variations between men and women after a 2008 qualitative study found that combat uniforms then in use did not account for female anthropometry7.
As industrial hygienists at an occupational health clinical center in a large metropolitan area, we sporadically receive questions from women experiencing difficulty locating PPE, such as respirators that fit them correctly. While researching our responses to these inquiries, we noticed that one can go online and find a wide array of PPE that manufacturers claim are “designed for women.” As a result, we wondered if this current apparent abundance of equipment had altered the dynamic for female construction workers. Specifically, do female construction workers still have difficulty getting PPE that fits them correctly? To answer the question, we conducted a series of focus groups with experienced female union construction workers from three different trade unions (i.e. Laborers, Carpenters and Ironworkers).
For the purposes of our research, we did not distinguish between PPE that employers are required to provide construction workers, such as fall-arrest harnesses, and PPE that employers are not required to supply, such as boots or outerwear.
Our analysis of the focus group responses indicated that many of the same problems still exist. Participants reported fit issues for all of the common types of PPE (gloves, fall protection harnesses, safety vests, welding jackets, eye wear and hard hats as well as work boots and outerwear). Several participants pointed out that size is not the sole factor determining fit, since men and women are proportioned differently. One participant, discussing purchasing protective outerwear, said “If you get something that fits your waist, it may not fit your hips… So then I would end up having to buy a bigger size, but it was huge on my waist.”
As with most construction workers, the participants spoke of the overriding importance of getting the job done, which on occasion led them to either purchase their own PPE or use equipment that was less than optimal. “I have to beg them [for a small] and it just never happens, so I ended up buying my own… vest.” Many participants expressed how difficult it was for women to purchase “construction-grade” PPE, such as protective clothing or boots that are functional in the workplace. We were told that much of the construction outerwear marketed to women, such as boots and work jackets, was “Barbie-fied” work gear.
The discussion also covered how ill-fitting PPE could impact safety and productivity. One of the participants related a conversation she had with her foreman over the gloves she was using while applying a chemical paint stripper: “Can you please order me a pair of gloves that’ll fit me so I won’t have to worry about them slipping off or dipping my hand in these corrosives and toxic …chemicals.” A welder in one of the focus groups explained how ill-fitting welding gloves affected her welding: “You can’t pick up the rod because … you’re using oven mitts.” The type of equipment the participants discussed the most, not unexpectedly, varied by trade. Welders mentioned problems associated with using overly large welding jackets and gloves; individuals working with concrete reported difficulty getting rubber boots that fit correctly.
After the study was completed, a stakeholders meeting was organized to disseminate our findings and to provide an open forum for a discussion of potential solutions. The consensus of the stakeholders, mostly union health and safety officers, was that most contractors and unions were not mindful of the issue and it was unlikely that many of the individuals in charge of purchasing safety equipment considered purchasing PPE designed for women. Participants agreed that in order to bring about the necessary changes we must first increase awareness within the industry of the challenges facing female construction workers. Somewhat surprisingly, even though there have been attempts to raise awareness, such as the OSHA Women in Construction web page, a few of our stakeholders said that they had not been mindful of the PPE issue confronting female construction workers.
Due to the changing demographics within the construction industry there may be additional sub-groups such as smaller men facing similar fit issues.
Based on the results of our study and input from the stakeholders meeting, we have developed the following recommendations:
- All employees are entitled to a safe work environment that includes uniform access to PPE that fits correctly and does not create an additional burden for the worker.
- OSHA should update the Construction Standard Criteria for personal protective equipment to include provisions that PPE fits the worker.
- Regulatory agencies, manufacturers, distributors, employers and unions need to recognize the issue facing female construction workers and promote better distribution, purchasing and supply of PPE for all employees.
- Contractors should make sure they have the means to provide all workers with properly fitted PPE in a timely manner at the beginning of the job through project completion.
- Training organizations, companies and unions should educate workers on the importance of using PPE that fits correctly and how to determine that it does fit correctly.
- Additional anthropometric research is required to determine if the PPE currently available to women and other outlier sub-groups, such as smaller men, fits them correctly.
REFERENCES
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: 2014. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
- OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations Subpart I, 1910.132 (d) (iii)
- Goldenhar LM, Sweeney MH. Tradeswomen’s Perspectives on Occupational Health and Safety: A qualitative investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996, 29: 516-520.
- “Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection.” Health and Safety of Women in Construction (HASWIC) workgroup, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, June 1999. www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/haswicformal.html
- Howard, John. “Keeping Workers safe through Anthropometric Research.” Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. August 14, 2015. www.ishn.com/articles/102057-keeping-workers-safe-through-anthropometric-research
- Zhuang, Z and B. Bradtmiller: Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2005, 2: 567–576.
- Mientka, Matthew “Dressed to Kill: US Army Redesigns Combat Uniform With Consideration of Female Form.” Medical Daily July 29, 2013. www.medicaldaily.com/dressed-kill-us-army-redesigns-combat-uniform-consideration-female-form-248113
RESOURCES
Government
- OSHA Women in Construction, www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women
- NIOSH Publications on Anthropometry, www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/pubs.html
- Ontario Women’s Directorate and the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Personal Protective Equipment for Women Addressing the Need, www.iapa.ca/pdf/2006_ppe_women.pdf
Articles
- Bukowski, Thomas. “Women and PPE: Finding the right fit,” Safety + Health June 22, 2014. http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/10602-Women-and-PPE-Finding-the-right-fit
- Hsiao-H, Friess-M, Bradtmiller-B, Rohlf-FJ. “Development of sizing structure for fall arrest harness design.” Ergonomics Sept 2009; 52(9):1128-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130902919105
- Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America. “Got a Female Construction Worker on Your Shopping List.” December 2010, 7:7. www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/december-2010/got-a-female-construction-worker-on-your-shopping-list
- NYCOSH. “Risks Facing Women in Construction.” 2014. http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11-8-13-2.pdf
- Walker, Jessica. “PPE for Women: We’ve Come A Long Way ‘Rosie,’ But We Still Have A Ways to Go,” International Safety Equipment Association, April 2010. http://ehstoday.com/site-files/ehstoday.com/files/archive/ehstoday.com/images/ISEA_April.pdf
This report was developed by: Norman C. Zuckerman, MS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); Demetrios M. Papazaharias, MPH (Mount Sinai); Lynn C. Onyebeke, MA, SM (Mount Sinai); Alice Freund, MSPH, CIH (Montclair State University); Michael McCann, PhD (Mount Sinai); Jonathan Dropkin, ScD, CPE (Hofstra Northwell); Sadie Sanchez, MD, (Mount Sinai), and John D. Meyer, MD, MPH (Mount Sinai). Thanks to Sean Brennan of the Mason Tenders Training Fund; Elly Spicer, Tamara Rivera, and Vanessa Salazar of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Bryan Brady of the Ironworkers Local 40 and 361 JAC; Sherry Baron, DPH, The Graduate Center CUNY; Linda Goldenhar, PhD, CPWR. Funding for the study was provided by the Pilot Projects Research Training Program of the NY/NJ Education and Research Center. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is home to the Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health. These Centers have expertise in evaluating and treating work-related injuries and illnesses.
To learn more, visit www.mountsinai.org/selikoff.
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